Factors That Influence College Students of Dela Salle Lipa in Choosing Communication Program

Factors that influence College students of Dela Salle Lipa in choosing Communication Program By Lester Garcia and Joselle Segismundo of Dela Salle Lipa Abstract: * There are factors that influence a student in choosing a communication program. * There is a dilemma on which course to take. A bright future is considered. * Student’s age, gender, income, hobbies and interests are considered. Introduction * DLSU Lipa has been offering AB Communication since 2002 like Broadcasting, Journalism, PR, Film, etc. This study aims to: * Know the demographic profile of respondents * Factors that influence the first year respondents * Their expectations RRL * Reynolds (personal interest) * Baumerster (values) * Taylor (gender differences) Theoretical framework Human action approach model Conceptual Framework Man: student -> Choice B: AB Comm. ->Enroll in AB Comm. -> Working in comm. related field Methodology * Descriptive method * 51 respondents (2 sections) * 1st year AB comm. tudents (2010-2011) * Survey questionnaire conducted in classroom Discussion of Data * The comm. course is female dominated. 80. 39% of respondents are female. * 29. 41% 17 years old * 100,000-300,000php annual income * Hobbies: 62. 75% editing pictures, 58. 82% watching news, 52. 915 watching mainstream TV and film * 45% have good English skills, 39. 22% skilled in lay-outing, 37. 25% good writing skills * Want to be: 1. Layout designer 2. Writers 3. Photographers Summary Course choice is influenced by many factors like p ersonal interest, abilities, educational background, future employment and future plans Conclusion * The industry is dominated by women * Their first years are fit to the course because they have background. Recommendation: * Entice men to enroll in AB Comm. * Students should assess themselves * Institution should offer career orientation * There should be job opportunities for graduates * Parents should guide in the decision making * High school curriculum should be reviewed because it’s a place where students develop

Life of Pi Prompts Essay

Directions: Choose one of the prompts below. Construct a well thought-out essay that demonstrates the skills you have gained this year. First, write out or type up your thesis statement and topic sentences. After receiving teacher feedback, develop a first draft. Again, using the writing rules you know and the strategies you’ve learned, show evidence of proof-reading on this first draft. Turn these two artifacts (thesis and topic sentences & proof-read draft) in on the day the essay is due. Turn your final perfect version into turnitin.com by midnight on Monday, June 10th. Prompt 1 Contemporary authors often utilize multiple voices or narrative points of view in order to provide their readers with a fuller, more complete view of the characters and their situation. Write a well organized essay in which you analyze Yann Martel’s use of both Pi’s and the narrator’s voices in the telling of Pi’s story. Prompt 2 A popular form of novels and films is the bildungsroman, the story of a character’s emotional or psychological coming of age. Write a well-organized essay in which you examine the life of Pi as a bildungsroman. Prompt 3 A narrative technique often employed by novelists and playwrights is to present multiple versions, told by multiple sources, of the same event. Write a well-organized essay in which you analyze the meaning of varying accounts of Pi’s tale and what they contribute to the overall meaning of the novel. Prompt 4 Read the passage from chapter(s) 96 through 99, beginning with chapter 96 and ending in chapter 99 with Mr. Okamoto’s saying about the tiger â€Å"No trace of it has been found.† Write a well organized essay in which you analyze the sources of humor in the conversation between Pi and the Japanese interviewers, and examine what this humor contributes to the overall impact of the novel. Prompt 5 Read the author’s note and write a well-organized essay in which you analyze the author’s motive for telling the story of Pi Patel and the impact of this motive on the general credibility of the author’s account. Prompt 6 Read chapter 86 in its entirety. Then write a well-organized essay in which you evaluate Pi’s declaration of love for Richard Parker as a climax in the development of Pi’s character.

Team Dynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Team Dynamics - Essay Example Teams enable employees to exploit their potential and therefore increase job performance.   A team consists of members with diverse experience, skills and qualification, cultures and business backgrounds.   To an organization, this translates into potential for success.   However, as (Cranny, Smith, & Stone, 1992) notes team building process is a challenging process that can present numerous challenges to the management.However teams have disadvantages such as reduced independence of talented and capable workers, social loafing as well as bureaucracy hence time wastage (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2005). Tajfel, and Turner, (1979) classifies teams into functional teams which consist only of members drawn from various departments, self-managed teams which are formed to meet some specific goals and objectives and function with little or no supervision, task forces are teams constituted to oversee completion of specific projects, while process improvement teams are comprised of experts as well as technocrats in a given field.Formation of working teams presents the following challenges to leaders; establishing strong team leadership, difficulty in establishing positive interpersonal relationships, fear of the teams failing to meet set goals which translates to wasted resources as well as the possibility of members of the team failing to adopt well into the team. These challenges lead to conflicts in the group.   As (Cote, & Morgan, 2002) notes, conflicts are not necessarily detrimental to the success of the organization.  

Confusing Harder with Better by Alfie Kohn Essay

Confusing Harder with Better by Alfie Kohn - Essay Example The paper throws light on the essay â€Å"Confusing Harder with Better† which expresses that the more schools commit themselves to improving performance on these tests, the more that meaningful opportunities to learn are sacrificed. He also said that there is an inverse relationship with high scores and the quality of the standards that the schools want to achieve. Though schools are aiming to be competitive with other schools, they are also aiming for their students to be competitive not just on the scholastic world but also when they step out of the academe and into the real world. Most of the students are now being educated through the book and by the book. There is a certain scare that one’s talent and creativity will be shadowed by the books. As the educational standards are being raised, there are points that are being shadowed and overlooked upon. There is nothing wrong with raising the standard of education especially when there are a lot of things the country i s facing now which the students of today may answer in the future. All things should be done in moderation. Raise the standard of education moderately that the students still have the freedom to choose other activities where they can excel. It is not all about the books. A well-educated person knows how to apply what he have learned in the academe to his daily life. There are a lot of things beyond what are written in the books. Tests are not just in the school but also in real life. There are things in life that are not taught in schools.

Asa Philip Randolph Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Asa Philip Randolph - Research Paper Example He lectured at the Rand School of Social Science after the World War 1 (Randolph Biography 2014). Asa Philip Randolph was born in Crescent City, Florida in April 1889 as a second son of reverend William James Randolph, who was a tailor and at the same time a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church and Elizabeth Randolph who was a skilled tailor. After his graduation, Randolph did some odd jobs and dedicated most of his time in activities like reading, acting, and singing. For example, WEB Dubois’ â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk† greatly influenced him towards the importance of social equity (Lamar 1998). Asa Randolph Phillip is one of the few Black Americans who made tremendous contributions in history through their work and their influence to the general public. He was the leader of African American civil rights movement, the American labor movements and Socialist political parties. Asa Randolph Philip is responsible for organizing and giving leadership to the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, which is preponderantly regarded as the first black labor union. He is called the most dangerous black in America more importantly, because of the kind of influence he demonstrated to have across the American society (Harmon 2000). Asa Randolph Philip demonstrated his charisma, as he is responsible for what is called the historic 1963 march on Washington, where he led more than two hundred and fifty people. It is referred to as the March on Washington movement, which is said to have convinced President Roosevelt to issue executive order 8802 in the year 1941, which led to banning the discriminatory practices that were too evident in the defense industries during the Second World War. This movement was organized by B. Rustin, at which Luther King Jr. birthed his â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech (Hardy 1993). The march on Washington saw thousands of Americans joining hands and uniting under the slogan â€Å"jobs and

Using Marx's concepts and methodology, analyze a specific news story, Essay

Using Marx's concepts and methodology, analyze a specific news story, feature article, column, editorial, cartoon, advertisement, video, etc. published since January 1, 2014 - Essay Example According to unofficial but reliable information, the Argentines are currently faced with a nearly 30% increase in prices from 2013. It is however, estimated that things will move from worse to worst with a further projection to 45% in this year and further 56% in Venezuela occur. Interestingly it has also been noted that women have been taking their men to court as a way of seeking for alimony payments due to the tough economic times. Moreover, the informal sector has not been left behind from this wind as it is reported that even the extortion racket has doubled its fee of its so called protection over the past year. The president of the central bank in this country also confirms the case of rising inflation as he reported a 25% increase in monetary supply in 2013 alone which aimed at cushioning the government’s budget deficit. From the above sentiments it is possible to connect some of the Marx’s theories. For example, it is evident that human society is progressing through class struggle as a conflict between an ownership classes that controls the production is existing with those poor citizens who provide labor for production. It is no wonder Butros Sandra a 50 years old businesswoman running a market stall says, â€Å"they are toasting Champagne while the people become divided†. According to Marx, the bourgeoisie who are wealthy control the wealth at their own benefit and this would definitely lead to tensions something that is already eminent. This idea is further supported by Tucker-Marx-Engel reader (Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Robert C. Tucker pg 78). This is also the central argument proposed in this article and theorists Marx, Engel and Tucker. From the case study we are made aware of Venezuela which is already suffering from social unrest. According to Marx these are the tensions that accrue when a few wealthy personalities control the economy. To support this

Do we have a moral obligation to vote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Do we have a moral obligation to vote - Essay Example Based on the idea of individual morality, an act can be defined as rational if its expected costs do not exceed its expected benefits as defined by the individual making the decision. The expected costs of voting would include travel expenses as well as time spent researching the candidates and updating a voter’s registration card. It can be deduced then that the expected costs of voting are quite small. The outcome of having voted could result in the winning of either the candidate one has voted for or another candidate altogether. It is easy to decide not to vote as one single vote is almost irrelevant compared to millions of other votes; but if everyone adopted this viewpoint then no one would vote and we might end up living in a dictatorship form of government where the people have no say at all. So, it can be said that voting may cost an individual (even though the cost is rather miniscule) more then the expected benefit, as the individual can argue that their vote will n ever make a difference among all the other votes but the cost though small, is certain. This however, is from an individual’s perspective as opposed to looking at a group of people or the entire country. It may be theoretically irrational for an individual to waste time and money voting as the outcome of the election will not balance on their vote, but the individual votes of a group of people suddenly becomes rational as the cost remains small to each individual but the election outcome in the group’s favor will be beneficial. From a consequentiality’s perspective, the goal is to act in the most moral way to bring about positive consequences for a group as a whole. This clearly means that voting is certainly the moral thing to do for the majority and outweighs the minimal costs to individuals. Critically speaking however, it can also be said that moral responsibility is attached to individuals and their actions so seeking the best possible outcome should also

American Intellectual History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Intellectual History - Essay Example According to Chomsky, â€Å"What was left of the left intelligentsia retreated into the academy, where the tragedy of 1960s cultural politics was replayed as farce. Partly this involved the dominance of identity politics. Its sources were compelling and wholly understandable the desires of women and minorities to vindicate and explore a separate sense of self, independent of the hegemonic standards established by white males.† (Noam Chomsky, 1997 p. 115) Intellectual history relates quite closely to the history of ideas and philosophy. The central perspective in intellectual history suggests that ideas do not vary in isolation from the individuals that are responsible for creating and using those ideas. It is also important to study the ideas. It is also important to study the environments, culture and lives of any given nation in order to better understand their ideas and notions. In American intellectual history, an unintended quest for alternative identities was the creation of a new type of fragmented politics if interest groups, which seems to be removed from a greater vision of the good society. It has been argued that the American people seem to be living in a kind of ideal documentary and that this trend must be halted. There is also the perceived culture war of the 1980s and 1990s, which tends to inspire hostility to intellectual elitism. According to author Dionne, â€Å"while the political right spent the 1980s and 1990s preaching the gospel of privatization and the virtue of pursuing individual satisfactions, many in the progressive academy engaged in their own form of withdrawal. An aesthetic radicalism replaced political radicalism, and a battle over texts and canons displaced the fight over whose interests would be served by government and whose ideas would define mainstream politics† (Dionne, 1992 p. 73). For decades, American intellectuals have been trumpeting calls like this. It may be that hardly anybody gets the

History (access to humanities and social science) Essay - 1

History (access to humanities and social science) - Essay Example (Davis & Moore, 1945: quoted in Zaidi, 1999) The most important factor of social stratification includes the division of society in three main classes i.e. upper, middle and lower. Lower or labor class makes the largest stratum of almost all societies that contains limited income resources and wealth. An overwhelming majority of the individuals belonging to this class has to survive and fulfill their needs and requirements in these scarce resources. Since the poor stratum or lower class is not able to keep the wolf from the door even by working hard from dawn to dusk, almost all members of this class engage themselves in financial activities in order to meet with their growing expenditures. Consequently, the children are also expected regarding lending a helping hand to their parents and senior family members by earning something in one way or the other. Hence, child labor has been in vogue for centuries, and children of lower stratum had been deprived of proper nutrition, adequate l earning facilities basic education and other fundamental rights since ever. The working classes had been undergoing extremely miserable and pathetic situation in all parts of the planet. Their situation was worse in European countries during 18th and 19th centuries, where the exploitation of the innocent children was order of the day. They worked at the houses, farms and agricultural lands of the rich clergy and nobility from dawn to dusk, and did not get any money in return. Industrial revolution of 1750 increased the miseries of the working classes and their children were forced to work in mills and factories with no or nominal remunerations and wages. Since there had been taken place no legislation to protect the rights of women and children at the eve of industrial revolution, there was no statute of law to bar the recruitment of children in industries. It was the time when industry was in its budding and the owners of mills, factories and industrial units required

The Character & Flick Webb Essay Example for Free

The Character Flick Webb Essay The poem is built around the character of Flick Webb. He is the one referred to as the ex-basketball player. Flick was once a basketball superstar in his county and a record setter. â€Å"In ’46, He bucketed three hundred ninety points, A county record still. †¦ I saw him rack up thirty eight or forty† (lines 14,15) . The narrator describes how well Flick played basketball that his record of 390 points for a season has not been surpassed. He was like Kobe Bryant who was averaging 31 points per game and at a time scored 52 against the Houston Rockets. (Kobe Bryant Bio 2007) Almost a decade after the glorious high school days, Flick was not able to continue his career as a basketball player. Instead he became a gasman at Berth’s Garage. â€Å"He never learned a trade, he just sells gas, Checks oil, and changes flats. † (lines 19,20) Although Updike did not make any judgment of Flick’s career as a gasman, whether his situation is good or bad, there were suggestions in the last three stanzas that Flick and the people in the community are not happy with what he has become. â€Å"Off work, he hangs around Mae’s Luncheonette. Grease-gray and kind of coiled, he plays pinball, Smokes those thin cigars, nurses lemon phosphates. † (lines 25-27) These lines suggest that Flick is still a bachelor and nowhere to go but a luncheonette; whiles away the time, not at all socializing. â€Å"Flick seldom says a word to Mae, just nods Beyond her face†. (lines 28,29) He must be attracted to Mae who is the owner of the luncheonette but is apprehensive probably because he has nothing to offer the lady. The Style Ex-Basketball Player is a narrative poem; it tells a story. The narrator is presumed to be the author who could have been a witness to the life of a once popular high school basketball player. The poem is set in free verse so that there is no pattern of measure in the lines and the stanzas. The first stanza has one line, the next has two, followed by five lines for the third and the rest of the stanzas have no pattern. Updike also has a style of leaving the line unfinished and is continued in the next stanza. Like the line â€Å"At Colonel McComsky Plaza. Berth’s Garage† (line 4) is in a separate stanza followed by â€Å"Is on the corner facing west, and there† (line 5). Updike’s style seems to pre-empt the idea before it comes in the next stanza allowing smoother flow of ideas. The style is effective because separating the line did not distort the message intended. Imagery â€Å"Poetry communicates experience and experience comes to us largely through the senses (seeing, hearing, smelling, feeling, and touching)†. (Reuben, p. 4) These are expressed through imagery. Updike used a lot of imagery in this poem. Irony was evident in the line, â€Å"Flick stands tall against the idiot pumps†. (line 7) Flick standing tall is contrasted to the idiot pumps. It is like saying Flick is proud because he rises above the idiots or he is better off than the other idiots. Updike wants to express how sad it is that the basketball career is over through the description of the location of Berth’s Garage, â€Å"Bends with the trolley tracks, and stops, cut off Before it has a chance to go two blocks. † (lines 2,3) He uses the line â€Å"cut off before it has a chance†. (line 2) This means the future of the basketball star was cut off before the man had the chance. Updike even makes a part appear as a puzzle when he described the â€Å"nostrils with two S’s and the eyes with an E and O† (lines 10,11) , and he simply means that it is an ESSO gas station. This also reveals the era of the poem because ESSO was most popular in this decade. â€Å"His hands were like wild birds† (line 18), refers to Flick’s quick hands when it comes to handling the basketball, but this is contrasted by the line â€Å"His hands are fine and nervous on the lug wrench† (line 23), which this time criticizes his unskilled hands when it comes to changing flat tires. The two contrasting lines talk about the same hands. This shows that Flick was just good at basketball and nothing else. Figurative Language Aside from the symbolisms and imagery, the use of personification is very effective. Personification is a figure of speech that â€Å"gives the attributes of a human being to an animal, on object or a concept†. (Reuben, p. 5) Personification is evident in the description of the gas pumps in Berth’s garage. Updike refers to the pumps as â€Å"idiot pumps† (line 7) as if the pumps have brains. It actually means that the pumps have to be guided by the gasman all the time. The pumps also have â€Å"their rubber elbows hanging loose and low. One’s nostrils are two S’s, and his eyes An E and O† (lines 10,11). The pumps have rubber elbows and have nostrils and eyes too. It can mean that the pumps are among Flick’s very few friends left. These are the only ones that can look up on him now that he has become a nobody. On the other hand, another phrase personifies the ball as loving, â€Å"the ball loved Flick† (line 16), referring to Flick’s expertise in shooting and dribbling the basketball. At Mae’s luncheonette, Flick looks beyond Mae’s face through the â€Å"applauding tiers of Necco Wafers, Nibs and Juju Beads†(lines 29,30) . The line up of wafers, nibs and beads were applauding means that Flick cannot even look directly towards the girl he likes. He does not have the confidence to talk to a girl; too shy and awkward to even look at her so that his attention drifts to the wafers and nibs at the background. The use of personification has been very effective in portraying Flick’s character as well as in contrasting the happy mood of the past and setting the melancholy mood of the present. Personifying the pumps, the ball, the tiers of wafers, nibs and beads added to the loneliness in Flick’s life, as if there is nobody else to give comfort to him but his pumps, his basketball and the wafers at the background of the luncheonette.

Hydrothermally Green Synthesized Ginger Properties

Hydrothermally Green Synthesized Ginger Properties Hydrothermally green synthesized ginger derived carbon nanodots showing antioxidant, catalytic reducing and anticancer properties* Abstract Carbogenic carbon nanodots containing Curcuminoids and 6-gingerol layers with bulk of resonating non bonded electrons were synthesized using simple and green hydrothermal method from natural herb Ginger. As synthesized C nanodots were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, IR, DLS, and TEM analysis. The antioxidant, catalytic reducing and anticancer properties of C dots were studied using ex vivo KMnO4 reduction assay, catalytic 4-nitrophenol reduction test, and in vitro MTT assay on MCF-7 cell line respectively. These carbogenic carbon nanoparticles shown quantum particle size of 4 nm. The green synthesized C dots shown excellent in vitro biological anti oxidant and anticancer properties along with reducing nature. This study exhibited the novelty of these green synthesized bioactive carbon nanodots for tagging and coating of bioactive materials for drug vectorization, biodetection, biocompatible cell targeting and biological applications. Keywords: Ginger Carbon Dots, Antioxidant, Reducing, Anticancer, MCF-7 cell line. 1. Introduction Carbon nanodots (CNDs), as a new member of carbon nanomaterial family, have aroused great interest because of their outstanding water solubility, high sensitivity and selectivity to target analytes, low toxicity, favorable biocompatibility, and excellent photo stability1-3. Lots of methods for the production of CNDs have been reported such as hydrothermal and solvothermal technology and needs simple equipments. Due to their excellent fluorescence, CNDs have made impressive strides in sensitivity and selectivity to a diverse array of salt ions, organic/biological molecules and target gases4-8. The development of CDs as nano probes is still in its infancy, but continued progress may lead to their integration into environmental and biological applications. CNDs mainly have two major categories as carbogenic and graphitic carbon nanodots. These carbon nanomaterials can be derived from natural resources, biomolecules as carbohydrates, proteins using hydrothermal, solvothermal and microwav e synthetic methods. As synthesized polymeric layer structured CNDs contain N, S, O hetero atoms with Carbon as main elemental composition with SP2 hybridization and along with conjugation and plenty of mobile electrons. Carbogenic carbon quantum dots or CNDs can be derived from natural herbs and wastes and contain mainly SP2 hybridization and conjugation of Carbon atoms and or with S, N, O atoms. CNDs are conjugated systems which have sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbons atoms with plenty of oxygen containing groups. CNDs obtained by the hydrothermal treatment reaction contains ionization, condensation, polymerization, and carbonization by bottom-up method. Such carbon dots may contain plenty of mobile electrons in polymeric layers limiting in size of 2 to 8 nm. and can show excellent non blinking photoluminescence and UV-VIS absorption of radiations9-17. So these CNDs can be used for coating biomaterials, nano probes, nano vectors for bio applications18-22. Ginger is one of the most wid ely used herb condiments in the world and is used as a traditional medicinal herb in eastern countries like India, China, due to its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties. Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol [(1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) hepta-1,6-dienne-3,5-dione], is a yellow ingredient of ginger, which exhibits many biological activities such as antibacterial, anticancer, and hepatoprotective activities. Curcumin can inhibit the growth of the human cancer cells and change the cell-surface morphology, and trigger pro-apoptotic factor (e.g., mitochondrial damage and caspase activation) to promote cell apoptosis, with low toxicity to other cells. In addition to curcumin, 6-gingerol (a natural analog of curcumin; [5-hydroxy-1-(40-hydroxy-30-methoxyphenyl)3-decanone]) is another abundant constituent of ginger, which exhibits antimetastatic and anti-invasive pharmacological activities on cancer cells. Such active ingredients of ginger can be ac commodated in quantum dot polymeric level by carbonization of ginger to CNDs for use of biological activities and applications. Here in this paper we have synthesized carbogenic carbon nanodots by use of natural herb ginger. After physicochemical characterization of these CNDs, their reducing nature, catalytic activities, biocompatibility, anti oxidant nature and anticancer potential have been checked by various biological screening tests. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials All the chemicals used for synthesis of CNDs and their biological screening such as NaOH, KMnO4, 2,4-DNP, NaBH4, 4-Nitrophenol, Vitamin-C, 5-Fluorouracil, MTT reagent were of A. R. grade from S. D. fine chem. and Merck ltd. Cell culture medium DMEM, 10% fetal bovine serum, Human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) were procured from NCCS center, Pune, India. The double distilled water from Millipore system was used throughout the synthesis and testing. 2.2. Methods 2.2.1. Hydrothermal synthesis of Carbogenic CNDs from ginger The carbogenic carbon nanoparticles (CNDs) were synthesized using hydrothermal green method with some modification from natural herb ginger. In brief fresh tenders of rhizomes of ginger were purchased from local market and washed with boiled water. Then the surface cover of tenders peeled and cut into small pieces. These pieces were crushed by mortar and pestle and aqueous extract was taken in appropriate volume(25 ml.) in a beaker. 0.01 M NaOH (10 Ml.) and 15 ml. double distilled water was added in to beaker and basic extract was carbonized at 200oC for 3 Hours. over hot plate under air atmosphere. As formed carbon residue was diluted with double distilled water to 100 ml. and filtered through filter paper no.1. then finally the filtrate was dialyzed through dialysis membrane with porosity 2 nm. for 8 hrs. with stirring. The transparent brown liquid containing carbon nano dots stored in refrigerator for further use. 2.2.2. Structural and morphological characterization of CNDs The structure, hybridization, morphology, particle size and types of atoms of CNDs were confirmed on the basis of physicochemical characterization on the basis of UV-VIS and IR spectral analysis, TEM, DLS analysis. Systronic double beam spectrometer was used for UV-VIS spectral analysis of CNDs with solution conc. of 10  µg./ml. in water prepared after drying CNDs suspension at 100oC with water as blank. TEM image and DLS scattering for particle size of CNDs determined with original CNDs aqueous suspension. IR spectra of CNDs determined using KBr pallet method on Perkin Elmer series spectrometer. 2.2.3. Reducing catalytic activity of CNDs The reducing nature of CNDs along with catalytic activity was determined by reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in presence of CNDs with sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The role of CNDs on reduction rate was studied with UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The time required for reduction in presence of CNDs studied by wavelength scan spectra of 4-nitrophenol reduction to 4-aminophenol. Briefly, 2 ml. of 4-nitrophenol(0.01M) and 1 ml. NaBH4 (0.01M) with 1ml. water taken in cuvette and 1 ml. of 10  µg./ml. of CNDs added to this mixture. Suddenly UV-VIS spectra was recorded from 2 minutes after reaction up to 12 minutes. The online real time UV-VIS scan was performed until completion of reaction of 4-NP to 4-AP. 2.2.4. Antioxidant property of CNDs by ex vivo KMnO4 assay The antioxidant activity of CNDs were tested by ex vivo KMnO4 reduction assay with Vitamin-C as standard control antioxidant drug by UV-VIS spectrometer optometric absorbance measurement. Briefly 5 ml. 0.01M KMnO4 reacted with 5 ml. 1mg./ml. CNDs in a hard glass test tube sealed at open end with cotton and incubated in dark for 30 min. at 37oC in CO2 environment of incubator. The absorbance of bare potassium permanganate solution was determined before and after incubation with antioxidant material as OD1 and OD2 respectively. Same test was performed for CNDs and Std. Vitamin-C as control for various concentrations of 0.12, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg./ ml. finally the percent antioxidant activity of material determined by using ex vivo assay formula as, Percent antioxidant activity = OD1-OD2 / OD1 X 100 % 2.2.5. Anticancer potential of CNDs by in vitro MTT assay on MCF-7 Cancer cell cultures – MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cell lines were purchased from NCCS, Pune, India. All cell lines were grown and maintained in suitable (DMEM -media and were grown and subcultured in medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum,1% L-Glutamine.1% penicillin streptomycin antibiotic solution. All cells were trypsinated using trypsin-EDTA solution and seeded in 96- well plates. The newly synthesized CNDs were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 (Breast cancer cell line), by the standard MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay using 5-FU (5-Fluorouracil) drug as a positive control in aqueous form. The MCF cell line was maintained in DMEM medium supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum. The cells were plated at a density of 1 Ãâ€" 105 cells per well in a 96-well plates, and cultured for 24 h at 37 °C. The cells were subsequently exposed to 10  µM CNDs.The plates were incubated for 48 h, and cell proliferation was measured by adding 10 µL of MTT (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide) dye (5 mg ml-1 in phosphate-buffered saline) per well. The plates were incubated for a further 4 h at 37  °C in a humidified chamber containing 5% CO2. Formazan crystals formed due to reduction of dye by viable cells in each well were dissolved in 200  µl DMSO, and absorbance was read at 490 nm. The results were compared with the standard drug inhibitors 5 fluorouracil. (10 µg/Ml.) Lastly percent cytotoxicity of CNDs was calculated by using following formula. Percent Cytotoxicity = Reading of control Reading of treated cells / Reading of control X 100 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Morphological and structural characterization of carbon nanodots 3.1.1. IR analysis The IR spectra of CNDs shown peaks in both the regions of functional and fingerprint signals. The functional group signal region of spectra exhibited the presence of aromatic and conjugated –OH groups, diketone, aromatic conjugated system, while fingerprint region of spectral signals shown presence of aromatic –OCH3 aromatic-H, -CH2 stretch, and presence of sp2 hybridized carbon groups. The IR signal frequency at 3486 cm-1 is due to the aromatic –OH groups. Peak at 2930 cm-1 show presence of conjugated diketonic group. Peak at 1644 cm-1 may be attributed to aromatic -OCH3. All other peaks of spectra in fingerprint area may be due to presence of conjugated –CH groups, aromatic-H, -C=O etc. (Fig.1). hence all these evidences prove the presence of curcuminoids and 6-gingerol layer of CNDs. Hence these CNDs are carbogenic carbon nanoparticles containing sp2 hybridized conjugated carbon atoms containing plenty of Pi and non bonded electrons with chain sizes in nanometer range. 3.1.2. UV-VIS absorption spectra of CNDs The UV-VIS spectra of CNDs shows two absorption peaks at 210 nm. and 315 nm. and with long tailing in visible spectra. These observations clearly indicates the presence of Pi and non bonding electrons in carbogenic CNDs. The absorption peak at 210 nm. shows n to Ï€* transition and peak at 315 is due to Ï€ to Ï€* transition and electron radiation relaxation (Fig. 2). Hence these spectral analysis indicates the presence of conjugated carbon system with n and Ï€ electrons probably due to curcuminoids and 6-gingerol in CNDs with SP2 hybridized carbon in conjugation. So CNDs could contain aromatic conjugated natural carotenoid like diketonic molecular systems of these active ingredients of ginger. The DLS scattering spectra of CNDs reveal that, the average particle size of the carbon nanoparticles is 4 nm. which matched with the TEM image of CNDs and with size of these carbon quantum nanoparticles. The sizes of CNDs varies from 2 to 12 nm. (Fig. 3), but maximum CNDs shows size between 2 to 6 nm. hence these are quantum dot carbon nanoparticles with abundance of mobile electrons responsible for light scattering in DLS and electron scattering in TEM. The TEM image of CNDs proved that there is some aggregation showing amorphous nature and circular morphology of CNDs material. 3.2.1. Reducing catalytic activity of CNDs by reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP The reducing and catalytic nature of CNDs tested by reduction of 4-nitrophenol(4-NP) to 4-aminophenol(4-AP) in presence of NaBH4 by absorbance measurement with time lag of reaction. The initial absorption spectra of 4-NP and peak at 330 nm. vanished after reduction by CNDs in presence of NaBH4 as hydrogen source and CNDs as catalyst. After 12 min. 4-NP is totally converted to 4-AP showing new absorption spectra with peak at 460 nm. the catalytic reduction cycle of reaction completes after 12 min. UV-VIS real time online reaction wavelength scan performed from 2 min. to 12 min. until completion of reaction in cuvette. The formation of 4-AP take place with shifting and dampening of peak of 4-NP and formation of new peak of 4-AP in UV-VIS wavelength scan spectra (Fig.4). Very good antioxidant activity is shown by CNDs derived from natural herb ginger compared with Vitamin-C by ex- vivo KMnO4 assay. The antioxidant activity determined for 0.12, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg./ml. concentrations of CNDs and Vit.-C as standard control is represented in Fig.5. The CNDs shows higher antioxidant activity than Vit.-C which increases with increase in concentration of drug. The color of KMnO4 fade after treatment of material and incubation in biological environment conditions, which elaborates the reducing as well as antioxidant nature of control Vit.-C and material CNDs. EC50 minimal inhibition concentration value or half reducing antioxidant activity of Vit.-C and CNDs determined by triplicate absorbance measurement are 0.62 and 0.48 mg./ml. respectively. So CNDs are better option for antioxidant material than Vit.-C for bio applications with minimum concentration for high antioxidant activity. 3.2.3. Anticancer potential of CNDs by in vitro MTT assay on MCF-7 cell line MTT assay performed on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line for anticancer potential of CNDs with 5-Fluorouracil as control drug shows moderate to good activity against these cells. As CNDs are reducing, antioxidant and contain free mobile electrons they can inhibit growth of MCF-7 by generation of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) at acidic pH inside cells. The cell viability of MCF-7 decreased by CNDs up to 64 % at concentration of 5  µg./ml. in sterile phosphate buffer saline with pH=7.4 and up to 78 % at 10  µg./ml. compared with 5-FU to 15 % at 5  µg./ml. and 19 % at 10  µg./ml. respectively. So the EC50 = 5  µg,/ml. shown by CNDs prove that a good candidate drug for anticancer application on selected cell lines without toxicity on normal cells. 4. Conclusion The green, hydrothermal and cost effective synthesis of carbon nano dots from natural herb ginger has been reported in this paper. The synthesized CNDs had shown presence of layers of curcuminoids and 6-gingerol as drug ingredients from ginger with conjugation and plenty of mobile electrons. These CNDs had explored reducing catalytic, antioxidant, anticancer activities. Hence these carbogenic CNDs with 4 nm. mean quantum size exhibited important biological activities. So these water soluble CNDs derived from natural herb and in basic medium by carbonization process can be used as tagging and coating material on bioactive nanomaterials for cell vectorization or probing and for biocatalytic, antioxidant and anticancer applications. Overall the CNDs derived from natural herb ginger exhibit characteristics of: better reducing, catalytic, antioxidant and anticancer activities good water and phosphate buffer solubility hence these are bioavailable drug candidate good stability and low toxicity on normal cells and moderate cytotoxicity on cancer cells quantum dot size and presence of curcuminoids and or 6-gingerol natural multiactive drugs So the CNDs can be better options for toxic quantum dot materials as CdS, and CdSe in biological applications.

The Pressures of Dancers :: Dancing Psychology Papers

The Pressures of Dancers The typical idea of a dancer is that they are tall, slender, full of energy, and lucky because they dance with all of the â€Å"stars†. Much of this is true, however, what many people do not think of are the many hardships that a dancer goes through in order to achieve their high status in the dance world. It takes much hard work and determination along with good direction to become a dancer. However, nothing good comes without a price. Dancers often times have many pressures put on them which can lead to physical and emotional damages. These damages occur through the pressures from the media, parents, teammates, and the stereotype that society has placed on dancers. One of the hardest pressures that dancers have to get through is the pressure from the media. The media places harsh, rigid, and false ideas of dancers on to the mass public. Constantly bombarded by commercials, magazine ads, posters, etc., the idea of being thin and beautiful is what the society thinks of as the â€Å"norm†. The truth is â€Å"these ads portray women who have a weight way below average, and have no imperfections† (Karyn p.1). Many ads are airbrushed to give the models the look of being flawless which many women and girls do not realize. Since that look is â€Å"virtually impossible to achieve† many dancers will develop an eating disorder feeling that â€Å"it is their only road to achieve this goal† of being thin (Karyn p.1). When thinking about it, the whole point of a commercial is essentially to sell happiness. If selling happiness is the goal and the use of models is prevalent in the commercial, then it can be concl uded that the only way to achieve happiness is to be just like the commercial by having the product being advertised and looking like the person advertising it. These pressures from the media ads can lead to eating disorders. For many women and girls the â€Å"ideal image portrayed becomes an obsession and results in an eating disorder like anorexia or bulimia† (Karyn p.1). With the constant nagging to be thin, the dancers feel that if they are to be in music videos on television, they have to measure up to this false image of a woman.

Biotechnology in the Rio Grande Valley :: Genetics Biology Essays Papers

Biotechnology in the Rio Grande Valley When you get right down to it, the Rio Grande Valley is a lot like a cell. Everyone in the valley contributes to its existence, working day and night, keeping everything working. Our unique cultural blending serves as the DNA, and tacos seem to serve as our primary food source. Oh, and not to mention that the vast openness of the King Ranch serves as our cell membrane. The Valley, even though our quiet and simple life may not speak it, is well aware of the science taking place in the world around us, as well as in our own backyard. Lately, major scientific advances have been made in the area of biotechnology and medicine. People don’t always recognize it, but they are definitely feeling the ramifications of such major advancements. I like to sit down to a healthy breakfast of pan dulce (doughnuts that is). Oh, and not just any doughnuts, the ones drowned in glaze, and don’t forget about the ones dipped in pink sugar stuff that I don’t even know the name of. Yes, I might as well eat cyanide, but it makes me think. People all over the valley can’t do that. They suffer from a disease called diabetes. Oh yes, I know this disease well†¦ my grandmother lost her big toe due to that tyrant of a problem. Even my fellow youth in my Biology class suffer from it. The battle for health is not a one sided one however. Scientists have just recently mapped the human genome, and are now working on finding the â€Å"flaws† of our bodies. Once we can pinpoint the problems, or the places in our bodies, which have a hard time dealing with diseases and viruses, we can work on solutions, or cures. Just recently, I have discovered the horrors of old age. My grandfather of 81 years has a major case of Alzheimer’s. I mean, I sit on the couch and watch as the poor man tries to remember how to put a sandwich together. What once was the most simple of tasks now poses a half hour problem. It’s times like those when you realize that we all take youth for granted.

third term project :: essays research papers

Third Term Project Beyond the Waves Value: Thirty points applied to English, Social and Science marks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You will research your topic using the internet, McConnell Library, school library, UCCB library. You must show references from at least three of these places. Magazines and old newspapers are good information sources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You will work in pairs on the topic. Each person must contribute to the building of each section. The research work can be divided up, but then all presentation material must be compiled and completed together. Work on the sections together. Brainstorm together about how you want to do the project. Both people will work on completing a section and then move on to another part together. A working rough draft must be passed in as well. You are to keep a record of what each person does for the project. Some of the work will be done in school but a lot of research must be done on your own outside of the school. You will then bring your research to class to work on in assigned periods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every presentation must have a visual part –THIS CANNOT BE A POSTER! Some suggestions would be a video clip, a TV hook-up to an interactive internet site, a skit or dramatization, make a magazine, produce a brochure or a newsletter. Check with me on suggestions that you might have. You must present your project to the class. Remember that this is something new to them, and you are teaching it. Values:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 - creativity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 - class work time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 - rough draft   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 - content   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 - presentation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All projects must be typed and have a cover page. Bonus points are available!!! TOPICS Oceans:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  name and locate the four major oceans of the world; draw a map and illustrate where the oceans are; make up a riddle for each of the oceans for the class to try and solve; make a Jeopardy game using facts you discovered about the four oceans; describe the oceans - area, coastlines, countries around them; discuss one â€Å"ocean issue† example - oil exploration versus fishing rights   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Endangered Species of the Ocean World: what is an endangered   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  species; what are some specific things that people do to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cause species to become endangered; Chose one ocean   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  animal that is endangered and research it; come up with   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a slogan for a bumper sticker to protect your animal;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  create a brochure that gives people tips for saving the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  animals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ocean Legends and Tales: Read

Documentary films Essay

Documentary films have paved way to show the reality of life. More often than not, it provides awareness of the present situation that was not addressed accurately in films and television shows alike. Documentary, like other discourses of the real, retains a vestigial responsibility to describe and interpret the world of collective experience, a responsibility that is no small matter at all (Nichols, 1991 p. 10). In making a documentary film concerning the community life in a distant foreign country, several issues would need to be addressed. The first thing that we need to discuss is the culture of the people living in that place. It would be an important factor as it tells a lot about the people and the place itself. Its history would generally be included in determining how the culture came about. Social norms and practices should also thoroughly discuss to identify the difference and uniqueness of their society. Furthermore, the documentation should explore the different beliefs of the people and how it affects the way they live and how their society copes up with modernization. The main focus of the documentary is how the culture and beliefs would affect the health of the people in that certain area. It would thoroughly explore the different misconceptions and traditional health management that these people have. This is a critical issue to discuss because it may directly or indirectly affect their socio-economic progress and their lifestyle. If by chance, the documentary could discover the need to re-educate the people regarding their health beliefs and fallacy, then proper authority should be inform. This is to insure that people would have the opportunity and the appropriate resources to improve their knowledge as regards to their health condition. REFERENCES Nichols, B. (1991), Representing Reality: Issues and Concepts in Documentary, Indiana University Press, p. 10

Sociology & Suicide

Introduction to Sociology Performance Assessment Task #1: Sociology & Suicide Amy M. Ehlert Northcentral Technical College Abstract In this paper, I introduce Emile Durkheim's ideas of suicide and the four types. I also discuss the sociological perspectives of the variations in suicide rates that Durkheim's theory is able to explain. Finally, in conclusion, I offer my own personal views on the topic of suicide and propose ways that society could prevent suicide. Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist who published one of many books, entitled, â€Å"Suicide†. In it, he showed the different suicide rates between Protestant and Catholic people. This book was published in 1897, so, it reflects his findings at that point in time. Some of the theories that Durkheim established about suicide being at a higher rate include the following: * Men than women * Single than married * Childless than with children * Protestants than Catholics/Jews * Soldiers than civilians * Times of peace than in times of war * Scandinavian countries * Higher education level The four subtypes of suicide that Durkheim recognized were: egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic. Egoistic suicide resulted from a feeling of not belonging or having no sense of meaning. Altruistic was being overwhelmed by a society's beliefs and they feel less important. Anomic was from a person's basic lack of not knowing where they fit in. Finally, fatalistic suicide, which is the rarest, is when a person's future or what they are passionate about are oppressed by harsh discipline. The longitudinal variation in Durkheim's theory is pretty much constant in that during each decade, the rates stay about the same. They range from a low of 10. 6/100,000 in 1960 to a high of 12. 4/100,000 in 1990. The average rate remains around 11. 39/100,000. No matter the difference in integration, social ties or freedom, the suicide rates remain about the same. Suicide rates are higher among college students because they tend to have more stress in their lives or more things to worry about. They have all new things to worry about and do not have the closeness of their parents to help them as they did before. Some occupations can increase suicide rates and they include dentists, artists, teachers, etc. The type of work the person does and if they are depended on by others for their work can push these people to suicide. Single people tend to have higher suicide rates than married. When you are married, you are part of a functioning unit and dependent upon each other. Adding children into the mix does and can add stress but also makes one happier, in my opinion. Single people are more isolated and less likely to have such close bonds. As for those with advancing age, they just seem to have given up. They think they have lived their lives and what more can they do? The late Dr. Kevorkian tended a lot of assisted suicides requested mostly by elderly people. The median age of Dr. Kevorkian's patients was 74. That really shows how the elderly just seem to want to give up and pass on. Among the black and white youth population, Durkheim showed it was more likely for white youngsters, especially those who were wealthy, to take their own lives. This seemed to be due to even though these white youths had more economic advantage, they were often socially isolated. However, black youth suicide is on the rise in our country. I read that this is due to the breakdown of family and easier access to alcohol and drugs. However, the biggest factor is the increase of the black middle class, which puts more stress on these kids from their new social surroundings. In conclusion, I believe a lot of suicides generally stem from a cry for help. In my past, I have had these types of thoughts and am currently on an anti-depressant. There should be more literature available, especially for our youth, so they can be thoroughly educated on suicide. From my own personal experience, most attempted suicides are a cry for help. These people want help but not in a condescending way. They don't want to be made fun of or made to feel like crap for their feelings. They just want to be understood. At least that is how I always felt. I believe there should be more youth groups or places youngsters can go and get involved in a healthy manner. Even for those who feel isolated by the normal groups in schools like athletics, choir, etc. There should be a community center specializing in groups of different interests; that are not offered in a typical educational environment. So, overall, I propose more education on suicide, a better understanding of those who are suicidal or depressed, and a place for the community to help them, not just our youth but all of our society. REFERENCES Macionis, J. J. (2009). Sociology (13th Ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Prentice Hall. Suicide (book). (n. d. ). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2011, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Suicide_(book). Randall, Vernellia R. (1993, 2008). Suicide Among Black Youth 1980-1995. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2011, from http://academic. udayton. edu/health/01status/suicide01. htm. Massango, Rataemane and Motojesi (2008). Suicide and suicide risk factors: A literature review. CPD Article, p. 25-28. Retrieved Sept. 1, 2011, from http://www. safpj. co. za/index. php/safpj/article/viewFile/1302/1305. Maris, Berman, Silverman and Bongar, (2000). The Comprehensive Textbook of Suicidology: Part II: Sociodemographic and Epidemiological Issues, p. 194-203. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2011, from http://books. google. com/books? id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC&pg=PA202&lpg=PA202&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false. Physician-Assisted Suicide Advocate Dr. Jack Kevorkian to be released from prison. (May 27, 2007). Retrieved Sept. 11, 2011, from http://www. foxnews. com/story/0,2933,275712,00. html.

Male culture disadvantages boys in education Essay

Until the late 1980’s, most sociological literature focused on the underachievement of girls. Girls were less likely to pursue A levels and consequently to enter higher education. However, in the early 1990’s, it was argued that girls had begun to outperform boys at most levels of the education system. The main sociological focus today therefore is on the underachievement of boys. Epstein et al.(1999) state that boy’s underachievement is not something new, but in the past was not a worrying trend for two reasons: working-class boys used to move easily into jobs without good qualifications in the days when sons followed fathers into mines, factories, etc. And the structural and cultural barriers preventing female’s access to high-status jobs and the pressure on women to become wives and mothers, etc. meant that males always achieved better paid jobs in the long run. However, today Epstein notes that governments are anxious about large numbers of unemployed young men because they are a potential threat to social order. There are many reasons why boys are under-achieving in education. In some schools, the extent of boys’ underachievement has become so serious that twice as many girls are getting five GCSE’s grades A-C. It is estimated that by the age of 16, nearly 40% of boys are ‘lost’ to education. Some sociologists have suggested that the fault lies with teachers. Studies of classroom interaction and the relationship between pupils and teachers suggest that teachers are not as strict with boys as with girls. It is claimed that teachers tend to have lower expectations of boys, e. g.they expect work to be late, to be untidy and boys to be disruptive. Emphasis in the past has been on excluding such boys rather than looking for ways to motivate them. Consequently a culture of low achievement evolved among boys and was not acted upon because the emphasis in schools for many years was to make education more relevant and interesting for girls. Boys’ performance in schools is a complex issue. This policy issue of boys’ underachievement can be understood in many different ways. The issue can be framed in terms of human capital, class inequality, equal opportunities or social justice. Links can be drawn between the low educational attainment of some boys and the low employment rates of some young men. There is also for some boys an antagonism between educational attainment, even attentiveness, and the performance and achievement of particular and valued masculinities. Mac An Ghaill (1996) argues that working-class boys are experiencing a ‘crisis of masculinity’. Their socialisation into traditional masculine identity has been undermined by the decline of traditional men’s jobs in manufacturing and primary industries such as mining. Mass unemployment found in working-class areas means that boys are no longer sure about their future role as men. This confusion about their future role may lead working-class boys to conclude that qualifications are a waste of time because there are only limited opportunities in the job market. The future looks bleak and without purpose so they don’t see the point in working hard. They may temporarily resolve this crisis by constructing delinquent or anti-school subcultures, which tend to be anti-learning. Research evidence indicates that boys appear to gain street credibility and status in such cultures for not working. In 1994 Panorama’s â€Å"The Future is Female† by Hannon suggested that with more opportunities for women in the work place, a change in the female ideology and with a fairer education system women simply passed the boys. â€Å"Boys are not actually doing worse than they have done in the past, they are improving, but girls improvement outstrips boys† Hannon, The Future is Female, 1994. With father opportunities of women it is easy to realise the origins of the current masculinity crisis, as there is no set role. Boys are no longer thought of as maturing later and comfortably walking into sustainable education. Instead men are expected to work hard throughout education to reap the rewards later but this is against the gender stereotype portrayed through the agents of socialisation. With this problem the â€Å"new man† was created producing a crisis for men on which to evolve into. Both published in socialisation agents boys have the problem of evolving into fulfilling the â€Å"laddish stereotype† or one in which they draw away from the idea that it is not male to work hard in education. Other sociologists have pointed to the feminine culture, which surrounds younger children as a possible influence on male under- achievement. Children, both male and female, may equate learning and therefore schooling with femininity. As boys grow up, they identify with more masculine role models and may reject academic learning and skills such as presentation and reading as feminine. Boys and reading and boys and literature are frequently mentioned by teachers as trouble spots in educating boys. Many young boys belong to anti-learning sub-cultures and they would therefore be deemed as ‘un-cool’ if they achieved well in school especially in a ‘girly’ subject such as English. Many boys don’t try to achieve at school simply to conform to their group’s norms and values. If their group doesn’t value education then they won’t. They believe it is more valuable to be popular and ‘in’ with the right crowd as opposed to achieving in school and education.

RTL Implementation of MP3 Decoder IP Core

RTL IMPLEMENTATION OF MP3 DECODER IP CORE Abstraction The intent of this survey is to look into the effectivity of the MP3 decrypting design in hardware comparison to the more popular package design. Nowadays, the MP3 file format is the most popular criterion for audio compaction, used in playback device such as audio participants and nomadic phones. While MP3 decryption is one of the indispensable portion in multimedia system, most of the decryption design are software-based, peculiarly because of the design of the system, which is easier compared to the hardware portion. However, the package design has higher clock, therefore higher power ingestion. This happens because of the design itself ; it has more iteration in the scheduling algorithm. There are undertakings that combine both hardware and package design in the MP3 decrypting creative activity, but the standalone hardware rational belongings ( IP ) nucleus is still non good explored. This paper will present a brief position on the basicss of the undertaking, every bit good as the needed inside informations needed in working on the undertaking. Every inside informations presented in the study are either gathered from diaries, books and the online beginning available. The mark of this undertaking is to run the designated IP nucleus and implemented in Register Transfer Level ( RTL ) manner, in which it easy means utilizing the hardware descriptive linguistic communication ( HDL ) as the footing linguistic communication for the design.Table OF CONTENTSChapterTitlePageDedication2Recognitions3Abstraction4Table OF CONTENTS5List OF FIGURES71.0Introduction81.1Undertaking Background81.2Aim91.3Problem Statement91.4Scope of the Undertaking102.0Literature Review112.1Related Studies and Previous Work112.2Introduction to the MP3 Decoding Core132.2.1Synchroscope142.2.2Huffman Decoding152.2.3Requantiser162.2.4Reordering172.2.5Antialiasing182.2.6Inverse Modified Discrete Cosine Tr ansform ( IMDCT )192.2.7Synthesis Polyphase Filterbank203.0Research Methodology223.1Introduction223.2Ocular Representation of Research Methodology223.2.1Altera DE2 Board243.2.2Altera Quartus II253.2.3NIOS II25List OF FIGURESFIGURE NO.TitlePage2.1The MP3 bitstream format192.2The three parts of frequence line202.3The reordering procedure ( the darker coloring material represents higher frequences )222.4The antialias butterfly232.5Types of window sequences in a subband252.6The IMDCT operation flow273.1The undertaking work flow3.2The Altera DE2 board ( beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.terasic.com.tw/ )293.3The Quartus II work bench environment303.4The NIOS II work bench environment31Chapter 1 IntroductionUndertaking BackgroundMPEG-1/2 audio layer-3 ( MP3 ) is a most popular format for playback of high quality compressed sound. During the recent old ages the application of MP3 sound codec has exploded. Typically MP3 files are played back utilizing package ( CPU or DSP ) , but recent tendencies have since informant the outgrowth of portable device, such as nomadic phones and MP3 participants. While DSP architecture is the most efficient for running MP3 participant, the challenges of FPGA execution of MP3 decrypting are less understood. Field Programmable Gate Array, merely known as FPGA, is one type of incorporate circuit that is consumer-programmable, therefore it is called â€Å"field programmable† . This incorporate circuit uses hardware descriptive linguistic communication ( HDL ) to configure. Nowadays, FPGA has since advanced into a high degree of efficiency during the past decennary. It has since become the major HP in different types of application, since it can be employed as standalone System on Chip ( SoC ) or powerful gas pedals in multi-chip system. The mark of the undertaking is to implement the MP3 decrypting nucleus by using the FPGA belongingss. While utilizing the bing package codification to run the decipherer in package, efforts has been done to run the decipherer in hardware, which will go the chief way in this undertaking. Then, comparing the public presentation of these two methods will besides be the focal point of the undertaking.AimThe aim of this undertakings are:To plan the MP3 decipherer hardware based and can be implemented in portable based designTo measure the efficiency of the hardware based decipherer comparison to the common package based deciphererProblem StatementMost of the MP3 decryption designs are of in package. However, the hardware importance of the decryption design has since taken the popularity today. Therefore, several efforts have been taken to make the to the full hardware architecture of the decryption nucleus. This paper will measure the efficiency of the hardware decipherer as per package d ecipherer and to look into the advantages of both methods.Scope of the UndertakingThe range of the undertaking includes combination of several elements such as hardware, package and electronic parts. Below are the Scopess for the undertaking.Uses Verilog HDL linguistic communication as its chief footing for programmingExplore the application of Verilog utilizing Altera DE2 BoardInclude package programming such as C and C++Implement the application ( partial ) utilizing downloaded package for package execution ( Quartus II 9.1, Nios II 9.1 )Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW In 1988, Hiroshi Yasuda ( Nippon Telegraph and Telephone ) and Leonardo Chiariglione had initiated the working group Traveling Pictures Experts Group ( MPEG ) to put the criterions for audio and video compaction and transmittal. The group, formed by International Organisation for Standardisation ( ISO ) and International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) , has since developed into an organisation joined by members from assorted industries, universities and research establishments. One of the criterions that have created is the MPEG-1 Layer 3, or good known as MP3. MP3 is the standard format used for digital audio compaction, in which the design have 12:1 compaction ratio, from 1.4Mbps 128kbps bitrate for compact phonograph record ( Cadmium ) music.Related Studies and Previous WorkIt is known that MP3 decrypting procedure is a hard procedure, but several research workers and industrialist have attempted to plan the decipherer for this specific format. For case, Faltmanet Al.( 2003 ) have stated that the designing of MP3 decrypting in portable and stand-alone participants have gained in popularity. In the study, Faltmanet Al.( 2003 ) besides stated the importance in the public presentation of these hardware MP3 decrypting based on the clock rhythms and power use. It besides includes an effort to to make an MP3 decipherer in hardware, by utilizing Xilinx FPGA board. Thuonget Al.( 2005 ) have proposed the architecture of the MP3 decryption nucleus, in which the subcores of the architecture can be separately designed, coded and tested easy. However, the design of the nucleus is coded utilizing VHDL, the older version of RTL linguistic communication. Ko and Nicolici ( 2007 ) have tested the execution of the nucleus utilizing Altera DE2 board and Xilinx multimedia board. It besides has consequences including the figure of logic elements, reversals, memories and multipliers involved. Bhargav and Yang ( 2008 ) have introduced the use of Linux-run interface on the decryption nucleus. Their research has besides opened the possibilities of animating the popular piece of consumer engineering utilizing bing hardware available in the lab. Still, the design utilizes both hardware and package constituent in their design architecture. It has few general lags due to system clock and debugging procedure. Singhet Al.( 2008 ) have proposed that the demand of hand-held participants and multimedia in nomadic phone have raised a demand for a dedicated hardware to decrypt the file formats with low power ingestion and faster acceleration. Papakonstantinouet Al.( 2008 ) have researched instance survey on the execution of drifting point math in decipherer execution to accomplish existent clip and faster decrypting procedure. In the instance survey, the writers introduce floating-point ( FP ) unit in their architecture to measure the operation velocity ; therefore naming it the FP execution of MP3 decryption. In the latest research by Moslehpouret Al.( 2013 ) , the undertaking uses NIOS II system, which is a portion of package device, to read files and produces end product from the decrypting procedure. By utilizing unafraid digital ( SD ) card as input devices, the system uses Altera DE2 board but synthesize different file format: moving ridge files, or.wav extension files. Even so, the exposure of the study have shown that running the decipherer is possible, peculiarly because of package characteristics use Altera SOPC builder in Altera Quartus 9.1 environment, in which the platform is largely used in third instruction degree. Some of the old work did even make the architectural design of MP3 decipherer, utilizing a VLSI cell-based attack. Tsaiet Al.( 2004 ) have proposed the specific architectural construction of MP3 decipherer in which it achieves a high throughput with a decreased memory demand and hardware complexness. Meanwhile, Kalpanaet Al.( 2012 ) have tried to implement the algorithm on the decreased direction set computer science ( RISC ) based ARM processor, which is far more advanced, proficient wised. All of the old work did hold its important characteristics in edifice MP3 decryption nucleus, either in hardware or package. However, the execution of MP3 decrypting IP nucleus, which uses Verilog HDL as its hardware linguistic communication, as implementing it to the full hardware based is non good discovered. Therefore, the focal point is the study is to undertake the design of MP3 decrypting nucleus, on the surface at least.Introduction to the MP3 Decoding CoreHarmonizing to Kalpanaet Al.( 2012 ) , all MP3 files are divided into fragments called frames. Each frames shops 1152 samples, enduring for 26ms, which the frame rate is about 38 frame per second ( Federal Protective Service ) . The first measure to decrypt MP3 file format is by happening the start of the frame, which is called synchronism procedure, or else called initial reading.SynchroscopeBefore decryption, the start of the frame must be found. If the frame is interrupted, we can non happen the exact place of the followi ng frame ( Thuonget Al., 2007 ) . The construction of the frame consists of 5 parts ; heading, cyclic redundancy cheque ( CRC ) , side information, chief informations and accessory informations.HeadingCRCSide InformationMain informationsAncillary Data Figure 2.1The MP3 bitstream format The inside informations about the frame heading is as follows:Frame HeaderIt is a 32-bit long and has description of the frame, together with the synchronism word to separate the get downing portion of the bitstreamCRCUse to look into if there is any transmittal mistake for the most sensitive informations. The CRC will merely exists when the protection spot in the heading is set.Side InformationIncludes the of import information needed to decrypt the chief information. This depends on the channel manner. For individual channel, 136 spots are allocated, while for double channel, 256 spot allocated ( this is tantamount to 17 bytes in individual channel, 32 bytes in dual-channel )Main DataThe chief informations portion consists of the frames that includes scalefactors, Huffman coded spots and accessory informationsAncillary DataThis information can keep user-defined information. This frame country can keep optional informations such as vocal name or song information.Huffman DecodingThis subdivision contains one of the most of import undertaking in MP3 decryption. The undertaking of Huffman decrypting is to transform and mapping the information into scalefactors and symbols stand foring the 576 original frequence lines for each granule. These frequence line is divided into three divider ;Big-values,Count1andRzero. Big-valuesCount1Rzero Figure 2.2The three parts of frequence line Detailss on the Huffman codification divider are as follows:Big-valuesRepresents the lowest frequence lines and are coded with the highest preciseness, scaled from values between -15 to 15. When the decipherer finds the value 15, it assumes that the higher preciseness is needed. This can be done by utilizing the value 15 as an flight codification, so reads extra spots from the imput watercourse. The figure specified in the Huffman tabular array are called linbits.Count1Represent the higher frequence lines ; non necessitate the higher preciseness scaled value. Ranging from -1 to 1.RzeroRepresent the highest frequence lines, and non portion of the bitstream. It contains the the frequence lines that are removed by the encoder. These values are filled with nothing by the decipherer.RequantiserThe symbols generated from Huffman decrypting is so reconstructed into the original frequence line by utilizing the scalefactors provided in the side information of the frame. The low frequence scal efactor set contains less values than the high frequence. The descaling equation for both short blocks and long blocks are defined as Short blocks: Long blocks: The denoted scalefactorsscalefactor_sandscalefactor_lused by requantiser are provided by Huffman decipherer. Parametersglobal_gain,subblock_gainandpreflagcan be found in the frames provided by the Synchroniser block. The notaiondefines end product from the Requantser block, whileis the Huffman decoded value at indexI.ReorderingThis block merely has one undertaking: it reorders the frequence lines within a granule. When the short block is decoded, a short window will be used. The end product is so sorted into subbands, so on frequences and at last by Windowss to increase the efficiency of Huffman coding. Figure 2.3The reordering procedure ( the darker coloring material represents higher frequences )AntialiasingAntialiasing is the procedure where its map is to cut down the inevitable assumed name effects because of the use of non-ideal bandpass filtering. The alias Reconstruction is based on the butterfly computation, dwelling of eight butterfly computation for each subband. Figure 2.4The antialias butterflyInverse Modified Discrete Cosine TransformInverse Modified Discrete Cosine Transform, known as IMDCT, reproduce clip samples from the frequence lines, together with synthesis polyphase filterbank. The clip samples can be obtained from the frequence lines by utilizing the undermentioned equation. The IMDCT operation flow begins by taking 18 input frequence lines and generates 36 polyphase filter subband samples. The samples so multiplied with with a 36-point window before passed into following decryption procedure. Windowing is the procedure of multiplying and overlapping add-on operation of IMDCT’s end product with the sine window coefficient. Based on the length of each window, four types of block is used ; they arestart,halt,shortandlong. The determination of block type is based on the analysis of the psychoacoustic theoretical account. Figure 2.5Types of window sequences in a subband However, bring forthing 36 samples from 18 input means that there are merely 18 samples are alone, therefore the IMDCT method uses a 50 % convergence. In this instance, the 36 end product samples is so divided into 2 groups, low group and high group, which has 18 samples each. The overlapping procedure is so carried out by adding values from the higher group, old frame with the lower group, matching frame. Then, the frequence inversion is so taken topographic point to accomplish right stage difference. This was done by multiplying every uneven subband with ( -1 ) . Figure 2.6The IMDCT operation flowSynthesis Polyphase FilterbankThis block is the last measure in decrypting procedure. It converts all 32 subbands to bring forth 32 Pulse Code Modulation ( PCM ) samples at a clip The filterbank exploits aliasing and windowing to travel the subbands back into their frequence sphere. This block is divided into two parts ; Modified Discrete Cosine Transform ( MDCT ) and windowing.Modified Discrete Cosine TransformEach clip frame of the subband samples are ordered so that the first 32 values are the first sub-sample from each subband, and so forth. The MDCT processes 32 values at a clip by utilizing the equation: where The end point end product values,is so stored in the barrel shifter.WindowingThe windowing procedure tallies by multiplying the valuesfrom the barrel shifter with the window map. This window map is specified in the ISO criterion. The PCM generated are so computed for each loop. The MDCT and windowing together run 18 times for each granule, bring forthing 576 PCM samples ( 27ms at 44.1kHz ) . Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIntroductionThis chapter discusses the well planned attack taken during the project’s timeline to guarantee that the undertaking is good organized and run expeditiously. The methodological analysis is represented into a flow chart for easiness of apprehension.Ocular Representation of Research MethodologyThe designate work flow for the undertaking is shown below, in Figure 3.1. Figure 3.1The undertaking work flow The undertaking begins by researching any old plants related to the MP3 decryption and FPGA-based architecture execution. Besides that, several resources on hardware descriptive linguistic communication and package programming tutorial have besides looked at. The procedure involved in constructing the nucleus is studied and briefly elaborated to give excess cognition in order to carry through the research. The importance and intent of the undertaking is besides discussed in the first phase. The hardware used for proving and implementing the undertaking is Altera DE2 Educational Development Board. Figure 3.2The Altera DE2 board ( beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.terasic.com.tw/ )Altera DE2 BoardThe Altera DE2 board provides everything needed to develop many advanced digital designs utilizing Altera Cyclone II device, with utilizing application package Altera Quartus II. This development board is the first measure to present and larn basic FPGA devices easy, since it is accessible in the lab. It is suited for a broad scope of exercisings in classs on digital logic and computing machine organisation, from simple undertakings that illustrate cardinal constructs to progress designs.Altera Quartus II Figure 3.3The Quartus II work bench environment Altera Quartus II is a package tool produced by Altera for analysis and synthesis of HDL designs, which enables the user to roll up their designs, execute clocking analysis, analyze RTL diagrams, imitate a design ‘s reaction and configure the mark device with the coder.NIOS II Figure 3.4The NIOS II work bench environment Nios II is the most widely used soft processor in the FPGA industry. Nios II incorporates many sweetenings over the original predecessor, Nios architecture, doing it more suited for a wider scope of embedded computer science applications, from DSP to system-control. The development for Nios II consists of two separate stairss: hardware coevals, and package creative activity.

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Factors on the Four Functions of Management Essay Example for Free

Factors on the Four Functions of Management Essay In regards to internal and external factors that can significantly influence the four functions of management, include such items as globalization, technology, diversity, ethics and innovation. Furthermore, all of these items pay an important role in the dominance of General Motors in the automotive industry. GM has changed manufacture attitudes to concentrate on some strategic priorities those being to become common, envision lean and compete fast, participate on a worldwide footing, cultivate the business and as a rule significantly keep their attention on the finished goods. General Motors is determined to be committed to a lean and familiar single, global manufacturing approach (Automotive Intelligence News, 2003). The external factor of globalization is a major factor in today’s business world. Globalization additionally adds to the factors of cultural diversity and cultural ethics as it pertains to business climate, culture and organization. Likewise, even in the US General Motors deals with the issues of diversity and values based of the many cultures that live within the country. Diversity can be both a help and a hindrance to the four function of management, in that when cultural diversity is utilized correctly it aids in all phases of business. However, if both the countries or the individual workers feel that their culture or beliefs are being looked down upon or are demeaned this can lead to serious repercussion. The same ca be said concerning the ethics each culture holds management must walk a fine line to ensure no vilification or no indignity occurs. Globalization needs a firm touch and a steady hand in the first planning, which entails what countries a company wants to build and sell their goods to, while maintaining a presence in that country. What value the product will bring, the cost of materials, taxes or tariffs, and if the people of those countries have a  need, the cost, and the desire to purchase their vehicles. As to organizing, in globalization GM must ensure that local customs will not be pushed aside and must they maintain a proper level of respect and decorum in dealing with the local population and their cultural identity. Manager must organize by creating a dialog with other countries on GM’s products, explaining the utilization of each countries environmental assets and capital, showing how that being a partnering country with GM will help their country and its people. They must correspondingly incorporate the concept of co-design and systems approach, during the organization function to ensure each country has the belief that they are truly partners with GM. General Motors is currently in the process of restructuring their Global Vehicle Engineering organization. The reason they are doing this is to enhance cross-system integration and to bring more coherent implementation across vehicle platforms. They are also further addressing the functional safety and compliance in its vehicles worldwide (GM News, 2014). Whereas this reorganization moves GM away from long-established regional authority toward an organization built on global functions. As to the role of leading, globalization brings with it a different set of problems and requirements. In General Motors situation the leading function of management, in the terms of what the role intention is remains the same and can be defined as the focus of guiding the activities of personnel with motivation. However, the challenges of doing so on a global scale are daunting because of issues in cultural difference, in ethics and diversity. Managers must have a working knowledge of the country’s culture, its ethical stances, and language differences both verbal and nonverbal. The controlling function of management within globalization again comes with its own set of issues that need to be overcome. Likewise, to be able to establish standards, then measure the performance in contrast to those standards and make corrective changes to those standards and plans that have been determined ineffective (Merchant, 1982). In a global setting put additional meaning to the controlling function of management. Management for General Motors have been successful in the endeavor and proof of this can be seen in how they continue to rank near or at the top the list of vehicles sold worldwide. GM is closing the gap on Toyota lead in sales, because of changes in how they are using the control function of management to correct the situation.  Since, GM began to renovate its vehicle roster into one of the keenest and newest in the automotive industry from one of the eldest and more outdated ones (Jie, Horie, 2014). So any and everyone can see how globalization as an external factor affects a company such as General Motors in its operations of the four functions of management. Technology in this c ase should be considered both and external and internal factor that can affect a company such as GM. Since, technology deals with not only information and enterprise systems to run a business, it also deals with the creation of new products and equipment to be use in their cars and trucks. General Motors in being such a large global company have an extensive enterprise system to deal with employees, customers, security, and data collection to enable it to run both effectively and efficiently on a global scale. However, technology in the creation and advancement of products goes hand in hand with innovation. We can see how technology is part of innovation, in the way GM addresses the idea of a fully electric car that can go 200 miles between charges. Additionally, the connection of technology and innovation is seen in General Motors electric and gas hybrid car the Chevy Volt. GM similarly has an all-electric car that can go 82 miles on a charge called the Chevy Spark (The Denver Post, 2013). General Motor’s innovations created a need for better technology in electric car batteries, charging systems. They also created a need for electric charging facilities for people who are traveling on long trips, which are still under research as to cost, viability, and the possibility. All of this innovation leads to technology to design and build components that will be needed to compete in this sector of the industry. What is more, all four functions of management are thoroughly affected by globalization, diversity, ethics, innovation and technology as these elements play a crucial role in the structure and running of any business in today world economy. References Automotive Intelligence News. (2003). GMs Global Manufacturing System A System To Build Great Cars and Trucks. Retrieved from http://www.autointell.com/News-2003/January-2003/January-2003-1/January-03-03-p6.htm GM News. (2014). GM Restructures Global Engineering for Cross-System Integration. Retrieved from http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2014/Apr/0422-global-eng.html Jie, M. Horie, M. (2014). Toyota Beats GM in 2013 as 10 Million Vehicles Seen. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-23/toyota-beats-gm-vw-in-2013-car-sales-sees-3-growth-this-year.html Merchant, K. (1982). Controlling Function of Management. Retrieved from http://sloanreview.mit.edu/ The Denver Post. (2013). General Motors working on 200-mile electric car, exec says. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_24109259/general-motors-working-200-mile-electric-car-exec