Social Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Social Change - Essay Example There absolutely have been different discussions with respect to the best type of administration that will keep up the Social Order or the Social Coherence of the individuals by and large. The possibility of society was resulting from the way that there should have been a social lucidness and security. As should be obvious in Scott Sernau’s paper, in regards to the advancement of administration, directly from the inborn days to the current sort of government assistance express; the present-day kinds of administration didn’t simply sprout starting from the earliest stage. It has taken a characteristic course until the hour of the advancement of communism by different scholars. Post the period of communism, there has been the impedance of imperialistic principle, assaults against communism as pseudo-private enterprise and so forth. Let us see five fluctuated sorts of administration and analyze the cases top to bottom. To start from the earliest starting point, administration was basically Autocratic, which loaned significant measures of capacity to one single ruler, who was resolved to unite the individuals and control their conduct. This shaped the start of any sort of administration keeping up the reason that Humans basically should be administered. Generally the individual who represented such states was known as a ‘dictator’ or a ‘autocrat’. (Perlman 1). The state was brought forth, by this sort of a standard, which denoted the start of administration and governments. The standard is in this way proceeded by method of Nepotism, since; as a rule the seat of the ruler is taken over by the child or some other close relative of the ruler. Despotism or Chiefdom, gradually prompted the development of the country state. The development of the country state is one of the more present day wonder since the hours of the ‘despots’. This is the sort of administration that in the long run prompted the two World Wars. It is critical to know the ramifications of the Nation-State since it prompted the arrangement of administering and resistance groups which is drilled even until today. There came to be aggregate cognizance among the

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Vital Management - Essay Example It will examine upon the small scale condition, large scale condition, and the future vital ramifications of the association. Hollister Co. Hollister Co., by and large referred to as advanced as HCo or Hollister, is a way of life brand situated in America and has been begun by Abercrombie and Fitch Co. Hollister Co. has introduced an idea, which is really made to grab the eye of the youthful portion of buyers matured between 14 and18. It offers sensible, rather lower, value point when contrasted with the parent brand. The significant advancement of the brand is finished by the motivation of easygoing wear and picture of SoCal. The organization gives the merchandise both through online stages and the company’s own stores (Hollister California, 2012). Merchandise are accessible available and through the organization's online store. The organization is recognized to be the proprietor of the United States’ second generally perfect and favored brand of among the teen’ s fragment as showed in the rundown of genuine West Coast organizations gave by Piper Jaffray for the year 2008. At first, the organization opened up its first store in Columbus, Ohio at the Easton Town Center in July 2000. The uncommon achievement of HCO made it observable for Abercrombie and Fitch Co. that the Abercrombie and Fitch brand was supplanted by the HCo brand. The A&F brand was appropriately made to hang out in rivalry from HCo. Brand using materials of higher caliber and there were severe presentations of development in the A&F office for products and garments. This caused the expense of product to go higher with the store fundamentally centring its assets and consideration on the attire for the shopper section matured between 11 and17 years. Hollister Co delivers and sells embellishments and clothing for ladies and men. The results of the organization incorporates sews, logo tees, sweaters, shirts, pants, pants, outerwear, shorts, tanks, winter wear, and sleepw ear; and arm bands, accessories, caps, totes, tops, belts, scarves, and flip failures. The brand additionally offers to its shoppers a wide assortment of scents, colognes, sparkle items and lip sparkle, lip salves, and body care items, alongside the gift vouchers (Bloomberg Businessweek, 2012). Alongside numerous different nations, the organization works in Canada, UK, and US and possesses in excess of 1,039 stores the whole way across the world with more than 80,100 representatives. Large scale Analysis An association can be decided for its intensity, qualities and different factors based on its full scale condition. The variables contained in the organization’s full scale condition are those components which impact the association in an aberrant way however don't enable it to control them. These variables incorporate the PESTEL examination of the business which represents political, monetary, social and innovative, natural and legitimate elements. They are portrayed as bene ath: Political Factors The political variables contain the administration choices which have a circuitous or direct effect on the organization’s exercises. In this specific circumstance, A&F works in numerous nations which have an economy that is free-showcase arranged with guidelines and rules to shield the astute rights and licenses from being replicated. These patens help the associations to secure their privileges on any property that they own. In any case, other political ramifications that A&F is required to adhere to incorporate the principles and guidelines, for example, privileges of laborers, workers, and investors. Since, the

4 Comic Recommendations for Fans of MAKING A MURDERER

4 Comic Recommendations for Fans of MAKING A MURDERER While the sophomore  season of Serial has yet to recapture the the zeal surrounding its debut caper, true crime enthusiasts have found a new obsession on Netflix. The 10-episode Making a Murderer documentary is a sensation. A decade in the making, it chronicles the prosecutionand some argue persecutionof Wisconsins Steven Avery and his nephew Brendan Dassey for the 2005 abduction, rape, murder, and mutilation of photographer Teresa Halbach. The crux for the defense teams, particularly in Averys case, was the suggestion that Avery, previously released from prison after serving 18 years for an assault he didnt commit, had been targeted by vengeful county law enforcement and attorneys. Dasseys team further posited that the inept teen was coerced into providing a damaging, though wildly inconsistent confession implicating himself as well as his uncle in the crime. Is this simply a messy and disorganized prosecution, or were one or both of these men wrongfully convicted as the result of a deep conspiracy? Ive personally been watching the series in a loop since it premiered in December, pausing however infrequently to dash out for repeat screenings of The Force Awakens. The twists and turns in the investigation and ensuing trials makes for endlessly compelling television, the level of access an invaluable resource for fans and writers of true crime and legal dramas alike. Theres also something especially bittersweet about Dasseys story in particular, and much has been written about the snapshot of modern tragedy provided by the banal phone conversations with his beleaguered mother. Yeah?Yeah.Huh?Yeah?Yeah. Yeah. Next time on #MakingAMurderer Paul Montgomery (@fuzzytypewriter) December 23, 2015 Yep, Ive been caught in the riptide, alright. Ive lost days of sleep trying to parse Brendan Dasseys offhand mention of that girl who got eaten by the alligator. #MakingAMurderer Paul Montgomery (@fuzzytypewriter) January 1, 2016 Absolutely my favorite moment of #makingamurderer A video posted by Paul Montgomery (@fuzzytypewriter) on Jan 1, 2016 at 10:34am PST Right, so, where to turn to next. Especially for us comic readers. Well, Ive got some options for you. Green River Killer by  Jef Jensen and Jonathan Case   This ones the high water mark for investigative reports on high profile killers, the one I first recommend when asked for non-fiction crime comic recommendations. Stark and sobering, Jensen and Case offer an account of an evolving investigation. Just as the advancement of DNA testing exonerated and freed Stephen Avery after his 18 year bid, those same breakthroughs helped put Gary Leon Ridgway away for at least 49 murders in Washington state. This case is of particular interest because it centers on 180 days of interviews between Ridgway and investigator Tom Jensen, the writers father. Such access is vital stuff. And it doesnt hurt that this Eisner winning book is drawn by Jonathan Case (Batman 66), one of the industrys best craftsman. My Friend Dahmer by Derf Backderf This is generally the second book I recommend, right after GRK. Again, access is a big thing, but this is a very different book. Written and drawn with an R. Crumb level appreciation for the grotesque and banal in everyday life, My Friend Dahmer is an intimateif sometimes admittedly vagueremembrance of a sociopath in his troubled youth. John Derf Backderf attended Richfield, Ohios Revere High School with Jeffrey Dahmer. Friendships are a tricky thing, and Backderfs seemingly candid depiction of his relationship with Dahmer suggests something closer to observer and curiosity than any deep bond. But the authors speculation about Dahmers home life is a tender addition to the story, particularly as he attempts to make sense of the violence to come. Surviving Saskatoon: Milgaard and Me by David Collier This is a bit of a deep dive and may prove a bit of a goose chase in the vein of finding a green Toyota Rav4 in a packed salvage yard (then again). Published back in 2000, cartoonist David Collier (American Splendor) recounts the trial of another David, Milgaard, wrongfully convicted in 1971 for the rape and murder of a nursing assistant named Gail Miller. Its also a portrait of both  Davids native Saskatoon at the time. Though he was only eight at the time of Milgaards trial, Collier vividly recalls a deeply conservative community, rigid and suspicious. By the time Milgaard was released, a year before Collier released his comic, the man had served 23 years in prison. The essay strip is also collected in Portraits of Life. The Lindbergh Child: Americas Hero and the Crime of the Century (Treasury of XXth Century Murder) by Rick Geary As you can see from the parenthetical in the title, Gearys pretty serial, erserious, about serial killers. Hes written and drawn six graphic accounts of graphic murders from the 20th century, eight more from the Victorian era. Any of them would prove ideal followups to Making a Murder viewers, but Im singling out this, the first in this XXth Century Murder series, for the conspiracy element. The 1932 disappearance, ransom, and murder of toddler Charles Lindbergh,  Jr.  remains a contentious case (as well as a not-so-timely anecdote my mother offers helpless cashiers when shes unable to find correct change in her massive, overstuffed purse). Over a two year investigation numerous suspects were sought and a number of attention-craving interlopers strove to insinuate themselves into the affair. Gearys profiled far more prolific killers, but the Lindbergh case trumps them all for convolution and a startling whorl of deception. Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

4 Comic Recommendations for Fans of MAKING A MURDERER

4 Comic Recommendations for Fans of MAKING A MURDERER While the sophomore  season of Serial has yet to recapture the the zeal surrounding its debut caper, true crime enthusiasts have found a new obsession on Netflix. The 10-episode Making a Murderer documentary is a sensation. A decade in the making, it chronicles the prosecutionand some argue persecutionof Wisconsins Steven Avery and his nephew Brendan Dassey for the 2005 abduction, rape, murder, and mutilation of photographer Teresa Halbach. The crux for the defense teams, particularly in Averys case, was the suggestion that Avery, previously released from prison after serving 18 years for an assault he didnt commit, had been targeted by vengeful county law enforcement and attorneys. Dasseys team further posited that the inept teen was coerced into providing a damaging, though wildly inconsistent confession implicating himself as well as his uncle in the crime. Is this simply a messy and disorganized prosecution, or were one or both of these men wrongfully convicted as the result of a deep conspiracy? Ive personally been watching the series in a loop since it premiered in December, pausing however infrequently to dash out for repeat screenings of The Force Awakens. The twists and turns in the investigation and ensuing trials makes for endlessly compelling television, the level of access an invaluable resource for fans and writers of true crime and legal dramas alike. Theres also something especially bittersweet about Dasseys story in particular, and much has been written about the snapshot of modern tragedy provided by the banal phone conversations with his beleaguered mother. Yeah?Yeah.Huh?Yeah?Yeah. Yeah. Next time on #MakingAMurderer Paul Montgomery (@fuzzytypewriter) December 23, 2015 Yep, Ive been caught in the riptide, alright. Ive lost days of sleep trying to parse Brendan Dasseys offhand mention of that girl who got eaten by the alligator. #MakingAMurderer Paul Montgomery (@fuzzytypewriter) January 1, 2016 Absolutely my favorite moment of #makingamurderer A video posted by Paul Montgomery (@fuzzytypewriter) on Jan 1, 2016 at 10:34am PST Right, so, where to turn to next. Especially for us comic readers. Well, Ive got some options for you. Green River Killer by  Jef Jensen and Jonathan Case   This ones the high water mark for investigative reports on high profile killers, the one I first recommend when asked for non-fiction crime comic recommendations. Stark and sobering, Jensen and Case offer an account of an evolving investigation. Just as the advancement of DNA testing exonerated and freed Stephen Avery after his 18 year bid, those same breakthroughs helped put Gary Leon Ridgway away for at least 49 murders in Washington state. This case is of particular interest because it centers on 180 days of interviews between Ridgway and investigator Tom Jensen, the writers father. Such access is vital stuff. And it doesnt hurt that this Eisner winning book is drawn by Jonathan Case (Batman 66), one of the industrys best craftsman. My Friend Dahmer by Derf Backderf This is generally the second book I recommend, right after GRK. Again, access is a big thing, but this is a very different book. Written and drawn with an R. Crumb level appreciation for the grotesque and banal in everyday life, My Friend Dahmer is an intimateif sometimes admittedly vagueremembrance of a sociopath in his troubled youth. John Derf Backderf attended Richfield, Ohios Revere High School with Jeffrey Dahmer. Friendships are a tricky thing, and Backderfs seemingly candid depiction of his relationship with Dahmer suggests something closer to observer and curiosity than any deep bond. But the authors speculation about Dahmers home life is a tender addition to the story, particularly as he attempts to make sense of the violence to come. Surviving Saskatoon: Milgaard and Me by David Collier This is a bit of a deep dive and may prove a bit of a goose chase in the vein of finding a green Toyota Rav4 in a packed salvage yard (then again). Published back in 2000, cartoonist David Collier (American Splendor) recounts the trial of another David, Milgaard, wrongfully convicted in 1971 for the rape and murder of a nursing assistant named Gail Miller. Its also a portrait of both  Davids native Saskatoon at the time. Though he was only eight at the time of Milgaards trial, Collier vividly recalls a deeply conservative community, rigid and suspicious. By the time Milgaard was released, a year before Collier released his comic, the man had served 23 years in prison. The essay strip is also collected in Portraits of Life. The Lindbergh Child: Americas Hero and the Crime of the Century (Treasury of XXth Century Murder) by Rick Geary As you can see from the parenthetical in the title, Gearys pretty serial, erserious, about serial killers. Hes written and drawn six graphic accounts of graphic murders from the 20th century, eight more from the Victorian era. Any of them would prove ideal followups to Making a Murder viewers, but Im singling out this, the first in this XXth Century Murder series, for the conspiracy element. The 1932 disappearance, ransom, and murder of toddler Charles Lindbergh,  Jr.  remains a contentious case (as well as a not-so-timely anecdote my mother offers helpless cashiers when shes unable to find correct change in her massive, overstuffed purse). Over a two year investigation numerous suspects were sought and a number of attention-craving interlopers strove to insinuate themselves into the affair. Gearys profiled far more prolific killers, but the Lindbergh case trumps them all for convolution and a startling whorl of deception. Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Purchasing a Rock Collection

Boxed sets of rock specimens can be a good start for a child interested in geology. These rock collections are handy, small, and not too expensive. Books, maps, a good rock hammer, a magnifier, and the guidance of local experts will take your child much further. But a modest rock set, especially one that includes a pamphlet and some basic information, is all you need to begin. The most important part of a boxed set is your personal commitment to the child; otherwise, the whole experience is sterile. Rock Collection Box Skip the fancy, intimidating wooden box; cardboard or plastic is sturdy enough. You can always buy a better box later, and more of them to fit a growing collection. Dont buy collections that are glued to a card, as it discourages close examination. A true geoscientist will pull the rocks off for hands-on learning. Other Items in the Rock Collection Many sets include streak plates and items to test hardness, like a glass scratchplate and a steel nail. Those are a plus. But the magnifiers that come with boxed collections are generally not trustworthy; they are the most expensive item and are the first place a dealer will cut costs. Children should have a decent 5x magnifier or loupe, purchased separately, that rewards them with a high-quality visual experience. If a pamphlet comes with the set, review it yourself in case the child needs help with it. Start Small You can get huge collections, but a box with about 20 specimens covers the most common rock types, with maybe a few extras for color or exotic interest. Remember, the point of buying a rock collection is the pleasure of learning to recognize, pursue and cherish the rocks found in your own outings.   Get Rocks, Not Chips A useful rock specimen is at least 1.5 inches or 4 centimeters in all dimensions. A proper hand specimen is twice that size. Such rocks are big enough to scratch, chip and otherwise investigate without spoiling their appearance. Remember, these are for learning, not admiring. Igneous, Sedimentary or Metamorphic Theres merit in getting a set of rocks that reflect your own region, but a set of exotic rock types might fascinate someone who travels or dreams of traveling. Are your local rocks igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic? If you dont know, its easy to learn yourself. Use an identification table to identify your rocks. A specialized rock collection would have fewer specimens than a general one, of course. Mineral Collection Rocks are more popular than minerals, and theyre easier to learn about, but for the right child, especially in a locality with notable mineral occurrences, a boxed mineral collection may be just the thing to start with. For most budding rockhounds, a mineral collection is the ideal second step after getting a rock collection. Becoming a real expert in rocks requires strong skills in mineral identification. Another aspect of mineral collecting is the possibility of visiting rock shops, near home as well as on the road, to buy more specimens inexpensively. Reading Matters A rockhound of any stripe must be able to read texts and maps as well as rocks. If youre buying a rock collection for a child, for best results be sure he or she is comfortable with print and has a basic grasp of maps. Without reading skills, a child will always be limited to gazing and dreaming. Scientists need to gaze and dream too, but they also must read, observe, think, and write. A rock kit is only a start.

Analysis Of Fahrenheit 9 / 11 Essay - 1973 Words

How well connected is your assigned film to the current event we are studying? The three films that I chose for this final project are; Fahrenheit 9/11, CSI season 1 episode 22, and West Wing Season 3 episode 1. These films are connected because they focus on different aspects associated with the attacks on September 11, 2001. Fahrenheit 9/11 is connected to the current topic because it’s main plot point follows Michael Moore’s narrative of blaming George W. Bush, our president on September 11 2001, for the acts of terrorism. However, the film examines step by step the failures of President Bush before, during, and after the falling of the Twin Towers. The CSI episode took a somber and realistic tone airing an episode that featured Taylor explaining how his wife when the towers fell. Furthermore, The West Wing, which highlighted the events that had happened prior to the event, focused on security breaches within the White House. In what specific ways is it effective in communicating information about the current event? In the Fahrenheit 911 the documentary communicates the event on September 11 through the perspective of Michael Moore. Michael Moore attempts to show the world that President Bush was responsible for the incident and how he failed to solve many of the complications that lead up to the event. While watching CSI, I noticed that there was not much focus on the actual attack on 9/11, but more emphasis on detective Taylor’s wives death. He said he had noShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Michael Moore’s Treatment of His Subject Matter within the Documentaries Bowling for Columbine and Fahrenheit 9112328 Words   |  10 PagesAnalysis of Michael Moore’s Treatment of His Subject Matter within the Documentaries Bowling for Columbine and Fahrenheit 911 â€Å"A documentary may be as a film or television or radio programme that provides factual information about a subject. Typically, a documentary is a journalistic record of events presented on screen.† The main conventions of documentaries tend to be that the documentary has voice-over commentary; the main focus is on the issues rather than relationshipsRead MoreLucas Lawrence. Mrs. Bernard. Honors American Literature.1264 Words   |  6 PagesLucas Lawrence Mrs. Bernard Honors American Literature 2/11/2017 Climate Change Persuasive Paper Since the Industrial Revolution, the sudden growth of human society has been accompanied by the production of large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that can trap heat in the Earth. Climate change is a real and occurring phenomenon and is caused primarily by human activity. Additionally, neglecting the issue could have severe repercussions on many ecosystems and environments across the worldRead MoreEssay on The Great Debate on Global Warming1502 Words   |  7 Pagesthe1.5 degrees Fahrenheit temperature increase since 1850 is directly attributable to changes in the sun† (1). â€Å"A comparison of the mathematical coefficients that describe the fluctuations suggest to the researchers that the atmosphere directly inherits its temperature fluctuations from the variations in solar flare activity† (Schewe, Riordon, Stein 1). An example of this activity is the Little Ice Age which lasted from 1650 to 1850 when temperatures lowered two degrees Fahrenheit below today’sRead MoreDescription Of A Study Area1514 Words   |  7 PagesDecember. On average the warmest month is May and coolest month is July. Among all month the driest month is December. Temperature (T) Temperature is degree of hotness or coldness that can be measured using a thermometer. It measured in degree on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. The mean annual temperature of Adama zuria district is 26.21â„Æ'. It can be classified as semi-humid to semi-arid climate, which characterizes the altitude range between 1,500 to 2,400 m above mean sea level. In the studyRead MoreWhat Part Of The Environment Has The Highest Temperature If We Heat Them Up With A Heat Lamp?888 Words   |  4 Pagesheat lamp? Research:Out of our environment the chunk of coal is the most absorbent which causes the chunk of coal to be the warmest out of our environment.The hottest temperature ever recorded was in death valley and it was a whopping 134 degrees fahrenheit and death valley has a lot of hard solid rock which adds to the rock is very absorbent and gets hot very easily.Also it s at a low elevation and sparse vegetation and the main reason it gets hot is because of the rocks and dirt.In our environmentRead MoreThe New England Patriots Against The Indianapolis Colts1157 Words   |  5 Pagesdeflated their balls. They requested the pressures be checked at halftime. Two referees, Blakeman and Prioleau, each measured the pressure of both the Patriots’ and the Colts’ balls with separate gauges. The Officials came to the conclusion that all 11 of the patriots balls were underinflated, the required pressure being between 27.2-28.2 pounds per square inch (psi). Footballs from the colts were also being tested and appeared to be in the accepted range. This situation was temporarily postponedRead MoreEssay Writing Forms and Styles1402 Words   |  6 Pagesarranged spatially but can also be  chronological  or emphatic. The focus of a description is the scene. Description uses tools such as  denotative  language,  connotative  language,  figurative language,  metaphor, and  simile  to arrive at a dominant impression.[9]  One university essay guide states that descriptive writing says what happened or what another author has discussed; it provides an account of the topic.[10]  Lyric essays  are an important form of descriptive essays. [edit]Dialectic In the  dialectic  formRead MoreAnalysis of Metaphors and Symbols in Fahrenheit 4512249 Words   |  9 PagesFarris 3 Lauren Farris Mrs. Reid AP English 4 21 March 2006 Analysis of Metaphors and Symbols in Fahrenheit 451 Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury takes the reader to a time where firemen do not put out fires; they start them in order to burn books, because books and intelligent thinking is outlawed. By using a combination of metaphors and symbols in this novel, Bradbury deepens the intricacy of his central them that censorship and too much government control is dangerous, and men should beRead MoreCOLL100 QUIZ 21491 Words   |  6 Pages   True   False Feedback:  (answer located in the Citation and Plagiarism PowerPoint, APA Guide   from the APUS Library, and the Basics of APA Style Tutorial)   Question 5 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points A feature of academic writing is the research and analysis of others’ work. To give credit where credit is due and to avoid concerns of plagiarism students:   A.need to learn about citations.   B.should have a copy of the authors’ work in print.   C.are to never directly quote another persons work.   DRead MoreMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagesin patients up to fourteen days after the subsequent exposure of the patient to MERs-CoV. The classic signs and symptoms resemble those of the common cold incorporating influenza like symptoms including fever usually greater than 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38oC), chills, (initial) mild cough, followed by increased work of breathing, which quickly advances to shortness of breath or dyspnea. The patients generally develop severe pneumonia which progresses to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and

History Of The Holocaust Midterm Essays - 1580 Words

Trudy Morse 10/15/2017 JST3701 Professor Julia Phillips-Berger History of the Holocaust Midterm Essays 1) Antisemitism, the hatred for the Jewish people, has been called the longest hatred in history. This history is deep rooted and has existed for thousands of years, taking different forms throughout its existence, and intensifying up until and through the Holocaust, to then diminish to an extent but still be prevalent in most societies. Antisemitism exists in different forms, religious, ethnic, and political. The presence of Christianity as the predominant religion in Europe can be noted as a driving factor in religious and ethnic antisemitism, as can the Holocaust. Whereas instances such as the Islamic view on Judaism can be†¦show more content†¦According to the text of the Old Testament, Jewish authorities treated Jesus and his followers with hostility. Many Christians to this day, even though it has been proven not to be true, believe that Jesus’ crucifixion was a direct result of the Jewish people. Christian antisemitism was born from a misconception by Jesusâ⠂¬â„¢ followers that was then eternalized by being written in their bible. Christian antisemitism would continue onward through the Crusades in which the persecution of the Jewish people reached an all-time high in Europe, where communities were destroyed, Jewish people were killed, and others were expelled from their lands. Many stereotypes for Jewish people arose from this period because they were restricted to specific â€Å"inferior† occupations by the Christian authorities such as tax collectors and moneylenders. This early on compulsory requirement to wear a yellow star began in certain parts of Europe. Racial antisemitism was born in the Nineteenth Century when laws were passed in many European countries posing the Jewish people as second-class citizens, not receiving the same rights as others in society. While they had reached a level of religious emancipation in some countries, Judaism had become recognized as an ethnicity as well, and this ethnic difference from the Aryans therefore made them â€Å"inferior.† Pogroms began across Eastern Europe in the late 1800’s which resulted inShow MoreRelatedThe Conflict Between Arabs And Jews1788 Words   |  8 Pages 1967: War in the Middle East Jose Manuel Santoyo Midterm Research Assignment History 3390 Sabri Ates The 1967 war, also known as the six day war, was a continuation of the conflict between the Arabs and Jews. This war is significant because it helped reshape the political landscape of the region, and the reconfiguring of the Israeli borders due to the occupation by Israel after they defeated the Arab states in six days. The war also established Israel as a superpower in the middle

Into The Wild By John Krakauer Essay Example For Students

Into The Wild By John Krakauer Essay Obligation to FamilyThe book Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer is a story about a man by the name of Chris McCandless. He is a man who grew up in a DC suburb, graduated college and decides to change the ways of his life. He journeys across the country, and finds his way to Alaska. His means are to leave the material lifestyle and become at one with nature. During Chriss adventure he seems to neglect all communication with his family and over look the fact that they care about his health and future. After Chris graduated high school he traveled the country and seldom kept in touch with his family. After being on the road for weeks Chris finally returned home, but within the next couple of days he would be embarking on his adventure to college in Atlanta, GA. Chris had eight step brothers and sisters and one whole sister by the name of Carine. Carnie and Chris had a close relationship. No matter were Chris went he always found a way to let his sister know that he was OK. Chris graduated college in May and set out on his adventure to Alaska about a month later. Chris told the post office to hold his mail until August first so his family wouldnt get worried. By the time they received the returned mail Chris was already half way to his destination. The last thing Chriss parents received from him were his final grades and a letter thanking them for all that they have done. This is when Chris decided to change his name to Alexander Supertramp, by him doing so it would be extremely difficult for his family to get in touch with him. While Chris traveled the country he stopped in different towns and tried to work for some extra traveling cash. He came across a town in South Dakota called Carthage. He worked for a man by the name of Wayne Westerburg. Chris went by his new name Alex and Westerburg comes to find out, Alexs real name is Chris McCandless. Westerburg says, He never explained why he changed his nameFrom the things he said, you could tell that something wasnt right between him and his family By Westerburg stating this it is safe to say that other people can see the difficult relationship Chris has with his family. During Chriss journey he never really opens up to anyone about his family. He doesnt really show any affection towards them and if any it would be toward his sister Carnie. He writes in a letter to her stating that he is going to divorce his parents. The last time his parents saw him was after his graduation. Chris told his parents I think Im going to disappear for a while and that is the last they ever heard of him again. Chris McCandless to me was a very intelligent but stubborn man. He didnt care about how his family felt. All along his quest to the stampede trail Chris was kind to strangers and others but neglected the fact that his family back home worried about him. In the end Chris became at one with nature but realized that his surroundings (meaning family and friends) are what life is made of Happiness only real when shared. Thus within the story Chris shows very little Obligation to his family.

Susan Brownell Anthony Essays - First-wave Feminism

Susan Brownell Anthony I. Susan B. Anthony : A Biographical Introduction Susan Brownell Anthony was born on February 15, 1820 in Adams, Massachusetts to Daniel and Lucy Anthony. Susan was the second born of eight children in a strict Quaker family. Her father, Daniel Anthony, was said to have been a stern man, a Quaker Abolitionist and a cotton manufacturer born near the conclusion of the eighteenth century. From what I read, he believed in "guiding" his children, not in 'directing' them. Daniel Anthony did not allow his offspring to experience the childish amusements of toys, games, and music, which were seen as distractions from the "inner light." Instead he enforced self-discipline, principled convictions, and the belief in one's own self-worth. Each of my sources indicates that Susan was a precocious child and she learned to read and write at the age of three. In 1826, the Anthonys moved from Massachusetts to Battensville, New York where Susan attended a district school. When the teacher refused to teach Susan long division, Susan was taken out of school and taught in a "home school" set up by her father. The school was run by a woman teacher, Mary Perkins. Perkins offered a new image of womanhood to Susan and her sisters. She was independent and educated and held a position that had traditionally been reserved to young men. Ultimately, Susan was sent to boarding school near Philadelphia. She taught at a female academy and Quaker boarding school, in upstate New York from 1846-49. Afterwards, she settled in her family home in Rochester, New York. It was here that she began her first public crusade on behalf of temperance (Anthony, 1975). II. The Struggle for Women's Rights Susan B. Anthony's first involvement in the world of reform was in the temperance movement. This was one of the first expressions of original feminism in the United States and it dealt with the abuses of women and children who suffered from alcoholic husbands. The first women's rights convention had taken place in Seneca Falls, New York, in July of 1848. The declaration that emerged was modeled after the Declaration of Independence. Written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, it claimed that "all men and women are created equal" and that "the history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman" (Harper, 1993, vol. 1). Following a long list of grievances were resolutions for equitable laws, equal educational and job opportunities, and the right to vote. One year later in 1849, Susan B. Anthony gave her first public speech for the "Daugters of Temperance" and then helped to found the Woman's State Temperance Society of New York, one of the first such organizations of its time. In 1851, she went to Syracuse to attend a series of anti-slavery meetings. During this time Susan met Elizabeth Stanton in person, became fast friends, and subsequently joined her and another woman named Amelia Bloomer in campaigns for women's rights. In 1854, she devoted herself to the anti-slavery movement serving from 1856 to the outbreak of the civil war in 1861. Here, Susan B. Anthony served as an agent for the American Anti-slavery Society. Afterwards, she collaborated with Stanton and published the New York liberal weekly, "The Revolution." (from 1868-70) which called for equal pay for women (Harper, 1993, vols. 1 & 2). In 1872, Susan demanded that women be given the same civil and political rights that had been extended to black males under the 14th and 15th amendments. Thus, she led a group of women to the polls in Rochester to test the right of women to vote. She was arrested two weeks later and while awaiting trial, engaged in highly publicized lecture tours and in March 1873, she tried to vote again in city elections. After being tried and convicted of violating the voting laws, Susan succeeded in her refusal to pay the fine of one hundred dollars. From then on- she campaigned endlessly for a federal woman suffrage amendment through the National Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (from 1869-90) and the National American Woman Suffrage Association (from 1890-1906) and by lecturing throughout the country as well (Barry, 1988). III. After Anthony : The Struggle Continues The struggle to eventually win the vote was a slow and frustrating one. Wyoming Territory in 1869, Utah Territory in 1870, and the states of Colorado in 1893 and Idaho in 1896 granted women the vote but the Eastern states still resisted it. The woman-suffrage amendment to the Federal Constitution, presented to every Congress since 1878,

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN HIS LIFE AND MUSIC essays

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN HIS LIFE AND MUSIC essays According to John N. Burk, "Ludwig van Beethoven, with the exception of Johann Sebastian Bach, played a more decisive role in the evolution of music than any other single figure" (24). As a musician, Beethoven liberated the classical forms from their former restrictions and gave them an altogether new expanse and flexibility. He brought to the art of music new depths of expressiveness that were not known before his time and also brought new richness of speech to every instrument for which he wrote his symphonies and other musical pieces. In essence, Beethoven was highly influential in bringing modernity to the art of music, for as Robert H. Schauffler maintains, Beethoven "stands as the epitome of the master who initiated the turning point of the ways of modern art and combined the sum of past human efforts in the direction of musical design" (45). After Beethoven, the course of music changed drastically, due to his complete emancipation of human emotion and his attempts to give expression to every kind of mood which was worthy of being brought into the scheme of Western Beethoven's artistic career is generally divided into three distinct periods. First, ending at about 1800, was his term as an apprentice in which he was still comparatively under the influence of the forms and idioms of Haydn and Mozart, even though his strong personality was asserting itself in everything he did musically. His second period is accentuated by his deafness which seems to have affected his musical output very little, for between 1803 and 1804, he produced sonatas for violin and piano and the famous Eroica Symphony. During this second period, he also composed the Fourth, the Fifth and the 2 Pastoral symphonies, the opera Fidelio, the Rasumovsky Quartets, the Fourth and Fifth piano concertos and the Violin concerto. With these work...

Reasoning and Problem Solving Essay on Obesity Problem

Reasoning and Problem Solving on Obesity Problem - Essay Example Preventive / therapeutic interventions and systematic application of knowledge has succeeded in curing most diseases afflicting humanity, unless they are of incurable nature, such as AIDS or malignancy. Economic prosperity in the last few decades of the twentieth century, the resultant sedentary lifestyle which is not in accordance with how nature intended man to lead his life, has given rise to utterly novel diseases which were unheard of in the primitive world. Obesity is one such disease, which has reached serious proportions in recent times in the American society as well as other affluent nations of the world. Obesity cannot be classified in the traditional framework of diseases, as it does not have any infectious or pathological cause, except a few exceptional genetic factors which make certain people more prone to this malady. Generally obesity has been observed in affluent nations, in people irrespective of race or ethnic background. It is more of a lifestyle disease which can be prevented by going back to nature. Obesity is a scourge affecting majority of the people in the US and in other parts of the world where affluence and dietary patterns are congenial for its incidence. United States of America is a nation which has led the world in terms of economic growth, industrialization and application of technology for a better life for its citizens during the major part of the twentieth century. Tremendous growth in the various states and cities of America, improvements in terms of civic amenities and healthcare has resulted in a lifestyle in the majority of the population which is unfortunately, not in tune with nature. In the United States, the last thirty years have churned up increasing number of obese people with 65% of today’s adult population suffering from one or the other obesity related problems (www.cdc.gov). The number of obese children living in the United States has quadrupled over the last fifty years. The latest figures suggest

An Investigation to Enhance the Vocational Competency of South Asian M Essay

An Investigation to Enhance the Vocational Competency of South Asian Migrant Workforce - Essay Example In order to give their best performance and excel in their work, they need to be competent enough to adjust themselves according to the trends, norms and practices prevalent in the Saudi Construction Industry Saudi culture. However, there are certain factors that decline the migrant workers’ performance at work, many of which can be attributed to the linguistic and behavioral differences between Saudi Arabian managers and engineers and the South Asian workers. This research will identify those factors, and suggest suitable strategies to eradicate them so that the South Asian migrant workers’ competence at work can be enhanced and their productivity be increased. Challenges that particularly need to be addressed are the determination of all factors that play a role in defining the migrant workers’ competence at work. Also, scaling of their competence is a big challenge for the researcher, for competence needs to be quantified in order to judge whether certain strategies have helped improve it or not. To study the ways to improve the skill, knowledge and motivation of the South Asian migrant workforce in the public sector of Saudi Construction Industry so as to enhance their productivity as well as the quality of work they produce. Quality of construction is one of the primary concerns in construction and development that is currently taking place all over the world. Particularly, countries like Saudi Arabia are known for rapid construction and development because of good Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The average annual GDP growth in Saudi Arabia between 1969 and 2009 was 5.06 percent (Trading Economics, 2010). The exaggerated construction and development rate in Saudi Arabia can be attributed to  the linguistic and behavioral differences between Saudi Arabian managers and engineers and the South Asian workers.

The E-Health Consumer

The E-Health Consumer Wilkins (1999, p. 30) summarizes the E-health consumer when he states that: In this new era of consumerism in health care, consumers are going to take ownership of in-formation about themselves and demand value in exchange for it, such as better clinical out-comes and better service. The concept of the information-empowered consumer is growing rapidly, and the days in which only certain â€Å"qualified† medical professionals create and dis-seminate medical information are receding. Consumers seeking information about health-related information have more options today than they had in the past .Available technology provides consumers with more outlets to seek information with a sense of empowerment. . The internet is a source of easy and quick access to information including health information. The internet has reinvented the way consumers search for information and has influenced decision making process especially in the health care industry. In general, health care-related information seekers can be motivated in several ways. (Williams et al. (2003) highlights that people might be searching for information as a healthcare professional, as a consumer trying to diagnosis his illness or as a patient to complement information from a doctor or for general interest browsing. Several studies indicate that the search for health information online is increasing (Ahmann, 2000; Wilkins, 1999; Natesan, 2005). Consumers are accessing health-related web sites in growing numbers and finding information that were once protected. Larson et al. (2004) however claims that co online information search is perceived as being more risky than other channels of information by consumers (Larson et al., 2004). Moreover Tan-Torres ( 2000) points out that the inconsistency in the quality of e-health information is a matter of concern as there is an increasing number of websites which offer a large variety of information. Therefore the consumer should be sceptical about all web sites, they should look for code of conduct labels or other quality labels that may communicate whether a site is reputable and should remember to communicate with doctors or medical professionals openly about web site usage as a means of obtaining health care information. 2.08 â€Å"Will you adopt online procurement of Medication?† – Role of cognitive factors Consumers’ self-awareness underlies their rational planning of future purchase behaviours relative to perceived consequences. The application of socio-cognitive factors to consumers’ proclivity toward (or aversion to) Internet exchange processes is evidenced across a host of effects applications in the social sciences literature. In addition to cognitive and personality variables that have been explored as predictors of online behaviour such as neuroticism, locus of control, shyness, extroversion, and risk-aversion(Amichai-Hamburger Ben-Artzi, 2000;AmichaiHamburger,Wainapel, Fox, 2002; Chak Leung, 2004; Gupta, Su, Walter, 2004) , there are other important cognitive factors, such as self-efficacy and objectivism, that influence consumers’ pharmaceutical procurement decisions via the Internet. 2.8.1 Impact of Self –Regulation on the procurement of medication online. Self-regulation is considered as an internal control mechanism that regulates individuals’ behaviours (Bandura, 1986). Social cognitive theory posits that these internal control mechanisms influence both attitudes and behaviours. Higgins (1998) suggested that individuals with a promotion focus are more motivated by the benefits that will accrue to them by taking actions, whereas people who are prevention focused will place more importance on safety. Promotion focused individuals use â€Å"eager strategies,† whereas those with prevention focus prefer â€Å"vigilant strategies† (Crowe Higgins, 1997). Online shopping has been associated with the prevention focus in individuals because of the security concerns and inherent risks (Miyazaki Fernandez, 2001; Fennis, Kerkhof, van Noort, 2006; van Noort, Kerkhof, Fennis, 2007). Moreover, Higgins (1998) stated that while self-regulation is not an inherent individual difference factor, it may still manifest differences across individuals. Online shopping has been associated with the prevention focus in individuals because of the security concerns and inherent risks (Miyazaki Fernandez, 2001; Fennis, Kerkhof, van Noort, 2006; van Noort, Kerkhof, Fennis, 2007). However in the case of shopping pharmaceuticals online it might not be similar. In the case of purchasing medications online from illegitimate Web pharmacies, consumers are voluntarily engaging in several potentially risk-laden decisions such as fear associated with online acquisition, uncertainty related to suppliers’ integrity and product quality and the qualms linked to self–initiated rather than physician mediated health care decisions. Online shopping is often associated with convenience, but this may not be the principal consideration in the case of self-initiated purchase of medication from online pharmacies. The predominant motivating factors in online pharmaceutical procurement are cost reduction for medications and obtaining medications that are not easily accessible through brick-and-mortar retail pharmacy channels. Thus, it may be speculated that consumers are acting with a promotion focus rather than a prevention focus. According to regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1998; Crowe Higgins, 1997; Zhou Pham, 2004), promotion focus is associated with the willingness to engage in risk-laden behaviours for specific goal attainment. 2.8.2 Health Value its impact on online Procurement of medication. Health value has often been investigated as a moderator as well as an antecedent of health-related behavior (Jayanti Burns, 1998; Ugland, 1989; Tapler, 1996; Lau, Hartman, Ware, 1986). It is an individual’s assessment of the value of engaging in health-related behavior (Jayanti Burns, 1998). According to Rotter (1954), people who believe concurrently that they have control over their health and that they value their health are more likely to engage in health related behaviour than their contemporaries who do not. Higgins (2002) points out that promotion-focused decision maker will consider promotion relevant value dimensions as more important, and vice versa in the case of prevention-focused decision makers. This means that the promotion-relevant aspects such as staying healthy will be considered in the decision to purchase from online pharmacies by promotion-focused consumers. On the other hand, prevention-focused consumers are more likely to focus on the negative aspects of the action (e.g., counterfeit drugs, reactions with other medications, lack of support of a doctor). 2.8.3 Self Efficacy its impact on online procurement of medication Self-efficacy has been found to be a consistent predictor of health behaviour by many researchers (Tapler, 1996; Janz Becker, 1984; Strecher et al., 1986; Block Keller, 1997; Jayanti Burns, 1998). However, its application has been limited to specific health conditions or diseases, and it has rarely been applied to a field such as online procurement of medications. An individual’s promotion focus has been related to the higher self-efficacy associated with health behaviours by previous researchers (e.g., Keller, 2006).This means that consumers high in self-efficacy are willing to engage even in risky and new alternatives to achieve their objectives (Keller, 2006; Crowe Higgins, 1997).Thus, with reference to regulatory focus theory, one can argue that self-efficacious individuals will have a higher propensity to procure medications from online pharmacies as compared to the prevention-focused, low-self-efficacy group. Further, it has been argued that self-efficacy beliefs influence consumers’ choice behaviours (Bandura, 1986; Litt, 1988; Bagozzi, 1993), especially in challenging situations. These situations that call for self-driven coping may compel consumers to find ways and means to cope with the challenge, encouraging them to take actions that may even be perceived to be more risky. Rising costs and difficulties involved in procuring many medications through traditional channels of distribution present today’s health care consumers with such challenging situations. Online procurement of medication is seen by consumers as a self-driven coping strategy aimed at cost containment and waiting-time reduction (for doctors’ prescriptions) (Erdem Chandra, 2003). However, safety, ethical, and legal concerns associated with the online procurement of medications suggests that a consumer with low self-efficacy may be less willing to purchase medications online compared to those posses sing high levels of self-efficacy 2.8.4 Health Locus of Control its impact on the procurement of online medication. Health locus of control refers to the perception of controllability in health-related situations. Since perceived control has been found to influence behaviour (Skinner, 1996; Sprott, Brumbaugh, Miyazaki, 2001), it is important to understand how health locus of control would influence consumer behaviour related to procuring medications online (i.e., channel choice). Wallston, Wallston, and DeVellis (1978) conceptualized it as a three dimensional construct consisting of internal, powerful others, and chance dimensions. These three dimensions are distinguished from each other based on who the person ascribes the responsibility for his/her health to. If he/she believes that his/her own actions dictate his/her health, the person is considered to have a high internal health locus of control. Similarly, the person who believes his/her health to be dependent on a powerful other, such as a physician, will be high in powerful others health locus of control. The belief that health results by chance is categorized as chance health locus of control. Rotter (1975) stated that the three dimensions of health locus of control can be categorized based on their internal or external orientations. According to Rotter (1975), the three dimensions of health locus of control can be categorized based on their internal or external orientations. The categorizations of individuals into internals and externals is based on whether they perceive that the results (of their behaviours) are dependent on themselves (internal locus of control) or outside their control (external locus of control) (Rotter,1966; Strickland, 1978; Norman Bennett, 1996; Armitage, 2003; Wallston, Wallston, DeVellis, 1978). According to Rajasree and Lou E.( 2009) online procurement of medications, due to its inherent risk content, may be a health behaviour that is likely to be avoided by consumers with external locus of control (i.e., powerful others health locus of control and chance health locus of control). If a person believes in the ability of a powerful other (e.g., his physician) to deal with the problem (illness), she/he is likely to rely on the physician’s advice rather than procure medications online by her/himself. Similarly, consumers with high chance health locus of control are less likely to try their luck by buying from unknown sources. Health locus of control is just a domain specific form of control. Therefore, it can be speculated that consumers high in internal health locus of control will seek to buy online, as it gives them more control over their purchases. These control factors include cost savings, expansive product choice, and even additional medication accessibility. In accord with regulatory focus theory, consumers with internal locus of control (i.e., promotion-focused individuals) are willing to take risks and try new options to achieve their goals of obtaining medication that will alleviate their problems. 2.8.5 Objectivism its impact on the procurement of online medication According to Leary et al. (1986), objectivism is the â€Å"tendency to base one’s judgments and beliefs on empirical information and rational considerations† (p. 36). Individuals who are objective in nature will place more emphasis on information obtained from empirical supports during decision making. Regulatory focus theory suggests that prevention-focused individuals are more concerned with security, safety, and protection in general (Higgins, 1998; Higgins Spiegel, 2004). Pham and Avnet (2004) assert that promotion-focused individuals rely more on affective information rather than objective information. Thus, it can also be argued that since objectivism is more associated with prevention focus rather than promotion focus, objective consumers may stay away from online procurement of drugs. 2.8.6 Gender, Income, Educational Status and Insurance Status impact on online medication procurement Many studies have identified the gender differences that exist in health care consumption behaviors (e.g., Conner Norman, 1996; Stelmach et al., 2004; Green Pope, 1999). These studies find women to be more proactive in seeking health care services and to be more involved in health-related behaviors. On the other hand, online shopping literature finds men to have a greater propensity to shop online than women (Otnes McGrath, 2001; Shim, Eastlick, Lotz, 2000; Briones, 1998; Rajamma Neeley, 2005). Garbarino and Strahilevitz (2004) stated that one reason for this difference could be the higher perception of risk associated with buying online among women Very few studies have examined the influence of income, educational status, or insurance status on the consumer’s propensity to procure medications online. One of the motivating factors for any consumer in procuring medications online is the lower cost. The conclusion from this argument is that lower-income consumers may prefer procuring medications online than their higher-income counterparts. However, it is to be noted here that the lower income consumers may not always have Internet access (Jump for Web Prescription Sales, 2004) and may not have the knowledge or familiarity with the different technologies involved to be successful Internet shoppers. Rajasree and Lou E. (2009) stated that in spite of the hypothesized differences across consumers with respect to their propensity to procure medications online based on income and level of education, no differences are expected based on consumers’ insurance coverage. Low-income consumers are less likely to have insurance coverage than higher income consumers. Consumers without insurance coverage are likely to abstain from buying medications from brick-and-mortar or Internet-based pharmacies as far as they can help it, since they have to pay for it anyway. On the other hand, consumers with insurance coverage are likely to be indifferent to where they buy the medications, as their insurance covers the cost.

Canterbury Tales :: essays research papers

Canterbury Tales Chaucer wrote about many personalities and their triumphs and inadequacies.The Knight is portrayed as an ideal persona. He is a part of the Feudal system. The impression that I get is one of am older weathered soldier. He is modest of his cultural status. I think that after the wars and battles that he fought he might not want to talk about them and he may even be guilty of them. He wore older clothes. They were not as fancy as he could have worn. He portrays the chivalry element of the bunch. He is religious and also courageous:Who from the day on which he first began / To ride abroad had followed chivalry,Truth, honour, generousness, and courtesy. (44-46) He traveled many places over great distances to fight at almost all of the important battles. Chaucer calls him a perfect Knight: â€Å"He was a true, a perfect gentle-knight†(68). He owned fine horses that were a symbol of wealth at that time, but he did not show this wealth outwardly in his clothing or adornments. The Knight’s son is somewhat his opposite. He dresses more fancily and shows off. He is a squire training to be a knight like his father. I don’t think that he is very serious about this because he enjoys the pleasures of life and not much of his training. Chaucer’s thoughts of his appearance were: He was some twenty years of age, I guessed. In stature he was of moderate length,With wonderful agility and strength. (78-80) He stayed up mall night and partied so he did not get much sleep. The Oxford Cleric was an odd scholar. He had a skinny horse and he looks hollow. His clothes were worn thin because he spent all his money on learning. He took money from his friends and spent it on more knowledge: Whatever money from his friends he took / He spent on learning or another book (303-304) The only thing he cared about in his life was studying.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Franklin wanted the best of everything and lived for happiness to every extent. He had the finest food and wine and was obsessed with them. He was not religious. He was so obsessed with food that he had to have the finest there was and if he sis not he blamed the cook.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The wife of bath was deaf. She made long scarves and traveled. In church she did not like anyone to go in front of her in church.

Personal Values in the Work Place

The ten values (both work and personal) that I have chosen are adventure, affection (love and caring), creativity, excitement, friendships, having a family, quality relationships, religion, status, and wealth. Adventure is a component of a valued way of life for me because I feel most alive when I’m taking risks. Bold and risky undertakings are fun. Taking chances and daring yourself to push your limits are good for the soul. Creativity is the ability to transcend traditional ideas to create meaningful new ideas! It’s important to me to feel inspired. In the work place, if you use your imagination, you could solve problems that were impossible to solve before. Having a family is a personal value that most people strive for. Families are supportive and will help me in my career. My elder relatives are wise and would advise me in any career move and my younger siblings could cheer for me on the sidelines. Religion does not belong in the work place. However when I spend time in prayer I feel inner peace, which in turn effects my work overall. Religion is a form of mediation for me. Spiritual-mindedness in my personal lives helps me in the work place. Wealth is something from the workplace that will greatly effect my personal life. With a plentiful amount of wealth, my family can feel secure and will be able to focus on other things in life. I don’t want lack of money to prohibit anything in my life.

Reasons For Asian High School Students - 782 Words

Out of the many reasons why Asian high school students are not applying to colleges, this paper will discuss two reasons. First being, some Asian students are not able to pay for tuition. According to Gildersleeve (as cited by Hellen, 2002), for the past 20 years it has been more difficult for lower-income students to afford for college through merit-based financial aid in comparison to students who comes from middle to higher-income families. The second reason is because of their ethnicity. Which is why it is vital for school counselor to be multicultural competence and promote higher education for the Asian community. Within the Asian community, Hmong students are â€Å"among the poorest students, poorer than other immigrant and refugee students in the American educational system (Vang, 2005; as cited by Siu, 1996; Vang, 1999; Vang; 2001). According to Savitz-Romer (2012; as cited by Bolland, 2003), it is â€Å"common among low-income and minority youth and further deters student s from actively engaging in college planning and decision-making behaviors (p. 100). Fallon K. Dodson (2013) wrote that â€Å"One of the major challenges school counselors face is uncertainty about whether they are sufficiently prepared to meet the needs of multiracial, multilingual, and multicultural students† (p. 18). The purpose of Dodson’s study was to examine the self-perception multicultural competence. Dodson believes that school counselors will be able to adequately work with diverse students, families,Show MoreRelatedAsians and the Causes for Genius1212 Words   |  5 PagesAsians and the Causes of Genius For many students in the western world, school, especially math, can be a great challenge that they struggle with. 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Consumers in well condition - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 28 Words: 8406 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION It is crucial for foods to reach the consumers in well condition, safe and in handy portion. In order to ensure a greater assurance of food safety, packagings have been widely used to protect it from microorganisms, biological and chemical reactions, promoting a longer shelf-life. Other than that, food packaging could also retard the food deterioration and retain the beneficial effects of processing (Marsh Bugusu 2007). Thus, it makes the packaging becomes a necessity in a food production process. We are able to see a very significant growth of the usage of food packaging in order to meet the industrial huge demand (Lau Wong 2000). According to Coles (2003), the principles of food packaging are the ability of protecting food products from outside influences and damage, to contain the food and to provide the consumers with ingredients and nutritional information. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Consumers in well condition" essay for you Create order Package design and fabrication have an important role in determining the prolong-life of a food product. A good selection of packaging materials and technologies used can sustain the freshness and quality of the perishable product until its time of distribution and storage. Materials that have been regularly used as food packaging are of glass, metals, paper and paperboards and plastics (Marsh Bugusu 2007). At present, there are more than 30 different types of plastics that have been used as food packaging materials such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (Lau Wong 2000). Plastic are formed by condensation polymerization (polycondensation) or addition polymerization (polyaddition) of monomer units (Marsh Bugusu 2007). According to EPA, there are two major categories of plastics that are, thermosets and thermoplastics (Marsh Bugusu 2007). Plastics have been admirably used because of its lightness and excellent barrier protection characteristic (Rundh 2005). Based on food packaging principle by Coles (2003), a food packaging should provide information on nutrition content, ingredients, date of manufacturing and expired date for the consumer to make a decision before buying the product. All the information needed have been printed on the packages by using inks, colors and waxes. Besides, the printings are also a part of a business strategy to attract consumers to buy theirs and yet to differentiate that particular product from other companies goods. It is almost impossible to sell a plain packaging food as it would not attract the consumer to buy it. Instead of that, all the printing inks used are not very safe at all as they can migrate into the layer of food at the interface. Various studies have been conducted to prove that migration did occur such as Aurela (2001) that stated most of the migrants that have been detected come from printing inks or adhesives used. The word migration have been derives from the Latin verbs, migrare-prime meaning, to remove or depart (to another place) and the noun migratio-prime meaning, removal or changing of habitation. Both simulants that are food simulants (FS) and food simulating liquid (FSL) such as nitric acid and olive oil have been used in conducting research and in regulating control to ascertain the migration of substances as using the original food pose kind of problematic to researchers (Katan 1996). Basically, a series of diffusion processes subjected to both thermodynamic and kinetic control could results in any migration of chemical substances from packaging into food (Conti 2008). Plastics that have been used as packaging materials also contain migrants such as additives that consists of antioxidants, stabilizers, lubricants, anti-static and anti-blocking agents (Lau Wong 2000) to ensure a satisfactory product. Plastics itself that made up of polymers which is considered to be inert, contain various kind of low molecular weight component that tend to migrate into contacting food and could contaminate that particular foodstuff (Shepherd 1981). Besides, packaging with plastic materials will also contain other components such as residual monomers that results from the polymerization reaction and oligomers and any other decomposition products or contaminants of intentional additives (Shepherd 1981). All possible migrants could cause tainting or toxicological problems to the consumer if the migration occurs at a very high level (Shepherd 1981). This issue has caught lots of attention due to carcinogenic effect and potential estogenic effects to human as exposed by some studies on toxicological effects of migration (Lau Wong 2000). On the other hand, stabilizers used in plastic manufacturing and printing ink used on the packaging surface would in the same way contaminate the food that come into contact with the plastic surface via migration. Heavy metals are well-known as widespread of environmental contaminants and as accidental food contaminants. They enter the environment mainly as results of industrial pollution and find their way into the food chain through a series of routes (Wogan 1985). However, small amounts of heavy metals are actually required in our dietary intake but a large consumption of it would pose danger to human health, causing acute or chronic toxicity (International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre 1999 cited by www.lef.org). Apart from that, heavy metals poisoning could cause damaged or retard mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels, and damage to blood composition, kidney, liver and other vital organs. Long term exposure may result in slowly progressing physical, muscular and neurological degenerative processes that mimic Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease. Allergies are common in heavy metals poisoning and repeated long-term contact with particular metals or their compounds may even cause cancer (International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre 1999 cited by www.lef.org). Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the presence of possible heavy metals in plastic packaging food and whether these components would migrate into particular food. 1.1 Objectives of the Study Specifically, the objectives of this study were: To determine the presents of heavy metals namely Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) in food and plastic food packages. To determine the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Cr) that migrates from plastic food packages into different pH solutions. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Packaging The word package refers to a container that provides a means of protecting, marketing or handling a product which comprises a unit package, an intermediate package, and shipping container (Kim et al. 2008). For the purpose of ensuring a reliable supply of safe and high-quality food products for the worlds population, packaging becomes crucial. The requirements for packaging in modern urban society differ from those in societies in developing countries (Aurela 2001). An insistent for ready-to-eat meals and takeaway food revolts explosively in urban communities, and consequently new packaging designs are needed. Among other things, packaging is a powerful marketing tool designed to be appealing to the senses of the eye and to provide information about its content. To whatever extent, the main reason of a packaging; protect its content, is global (Aurela 2001). Packaging is a form of transfer engineering designed to collate contents and extend the duration of their shelf-life in a hostile environment. For many commercial purposes, a life of 1 to 3 months is a satisfactory, and often this can be attained by wrapping in a plastic film. Such particular kind of films provides little protection against mechanical hazards, but they exclude most small, visible predators (Oswin 1982). Any packaging materials fulfill three broad functions; presentation, protection and preservation (Brown 1993). Within all three areas, a thin polymer film or rigid container, fitted to the particular application while in the same time, satisfies the requirements of producer, retailer and consumer. In addition, packaging must be added the need to operate within a set of constraints. Other general examples would be well suited with the temperature requirements of the packaging process and the chemical nature of the product involved (Brown 1993). The main function of packaging is to control the internal micro-climate within a range that impedes microbial conquest (Oswin 1982). The principal roles of food packaging are to preserve food products from outside influences and other detrimental effect, keeping the food and provide consumers with ingredient and nutritional information (Coles 2003). The aims of food packaging is to keep food in a cost-effective way that meet the needs of industry requirements and consumer desires, maintains food safety, and reduces environmental impact (Marsh Bugusu 20 07). Although one of the main functions of packaging is to protect the product during shipping, it is obvious that packaging is important both for marketing and logistic issues (Rundh 2005). The objective of food packaging other than marketing purposes, is to maintain foods original state by protecting it from air (and oxygen), loss of gas (eg: carbonated oxygen), moisture loss or incorporation, light (and UV radiation), unfamiliar aroma compounds, microbial exposure, instability of temperature and mechanical influences (Muncke 2009). Development of food packaging plays an important role in keeping the food supply amongst the safest in the world (Marsh Bugusu 2007). Simply stated, packaging keeps the benefits of food processing after the process is complete, make possible for foods to travel safely for long distances from their point of origin and still be wholesomely by the time of consumption (Marsh Bugusu 2007). In addition, packaging also makes food more convenient and gives the food greater safety assurance from microorganisms, biological and chemical changes such that the packaged foods can enjoy an extra longer shelf life. As a result, packaging became an indispensable element in the food manufacturing process (Lau Wong 2000). 2.2 Plastic Material Plastics are materials, the central of importance components which consist of those macromolecular organic compounds produced synthetically or by modification of naturally occurring products (Figge 1996). Plastics are the raw materials from whence films, plastic bottles and other products are produced. Plastics raw material manufacturers have significant, but limited scope for tailoring their products to the needs of many applications for which plastics are now used extensively (Birley 1982). Plastics are some of the most critical and widely used materials in the industrialized world. Plastic films and packaging are widely utilized in the food industry due to their adaptability, variable sizes and shapes, relative light weight, stability, barrier properties, resistance for breaking, perceived high-quality image and cost effectiveness (Jenkins Harrington 1991). Plastics can fulfill all the different functions necessary for packing, protection and food supply. On the other hand, they guarantee that, as far as possible the packaged foods reach the consumers in their original existing condition without the loss of primary ingredients and also prevent shortening of shelf-life and damage of the characteristic qualities of the products by outside influences (Figge 1996). For many food products, rigid or flexible plastics are primary choice as packaging media. Based on common thermoplastic polymers, they provide an unparalleled combination of performance, processability, conveni ence and low cost (Brown 1993). 2.3 Functional Barrier A functional barrier can be generally described as a package construction that restricts the amount of migration of a component from the package into food or food simulating liquids in amounts below a thresholds value. This threshold value is usually set up by regulatory institutions and is generally derived from toxicological evaluations. The functional barrier concept can also be defined in practical food quality terms in place of toxicological terms (Piringer et al. 1998). Resolution defined the functional barrier as Any integral layer which under normal or foreseeable conditions of use limits all possible materials transfer (permeation or migration) from any layer beyond the barrier into food to a toxicologically and organoleptically insignificant and technologically unavoidable level (Aurela 2001). Therefore, the efficiency of a functional barrier is eventually defined by a concentration of no concern (that is a conventional value) in a food or a food simulant (Aurela 2001). Moisture transfers from the wet to the dry component of these products affect the physical properties, mainly texture, and chemical composition of the food system, and subsequently affecting its quality and shelf-life (Katz Labuza 1981). The highest barrier properties are not always needed as they can sometimes be harmful by promoting anaerobic conditions, thus the application of edible films and coatings can help reduced internal and external water transfer in slightly modified and processed food products (Oswin 1982). Edible films must not only have good barrier properties, but also acceptable sensory characteristics (mouth feel, taste and aftertaste), a flexible and stretchable structure for an easy application onto the food and a composition conforming to the regulations (Guilbert 1986). 2.4 Additives In many instances, plastic packaging contains many components in addition to the base polymer. Additives are required both for the manufacturing process to give adequate results for the finished product to have the desired characteristics (Shepherd 1982). Apart from the high-polymers, plastics also contain low-molecular compounds, oligomers and monomers and particularly the so-called plastics additives such as heat and light stabilizers, anti-oxidants, UV-absorbents, lubricants and plasticizers which may be physiologically opposed. The addition of these auxiliaries is absolutely required for the processing and stability of the plastics as well as for attaining certain mechanical strength properties of the final plastics products (Figge 1980). 2.5 Migration Food packaging can interact with the packaged foodstuff by diffusion-controlled processes which mainly dependent on chemical properties of the food contact material (FCM) and the foodstuff, temperatures at packaging during heat treatment and storage, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, and time storage of the product (Arvanitoyannis and Bosnea 2004). This interaction might lead to FCM compounds leaching from the packaging to the food, which also known as migration (Muncke 2009). The main source of potential migrants is the additives incorporated in all plastics for manufacture reason or use. Apart from possibly causing tainting or toxicological problems, migration could also be unpleasant because of consequent deleterious changes in the physical properties of the package itself (Shepherd 1982). The low molecular compounds frequently have a high mobility in the plastics and in contrast to the macro-molecules, they can easily migrate from plastic packaging into a foodstuff. According to the present interpretation, the migration of plastics components in packaging into foodstuffs is fundamentally a diffusion problem (Figge 1980). During assessment of food contamination from packaging, it is not enough to only sample retail products and analyze them for certain contaminants. While this will give a good indication of real food pollutant levels, their presence in food cannot be clearly represents leaching from packaging because other contaminant sources, like processing prior to packaging are not taken into account. To ascertain the actual leaching from food packaging, contaminant levels need to be assessed over time. Such experiments are often carried out using food simulant such as water, 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol and oils instead of actual foods (Muncke 2009). However, the use of food simulants might cause an underestimation of actual migration into food (Grob 2008). Migration frequently assessed using chemical analysis of known single substances. Such studies in other way do not cover all possible migrants (Muncke 2009). Accordingly, the extent of migration of a plastics component depends on numerous variables such as density of the plastics, the concentration of the component in the plastics, contact time between plastics and foodstuff and the temperature in the system of plastic or foodstuff (Figge 1980). It would be perfect if the migration of each additive and monomer into the packed foodstuff could be determined when the package has been filled and stored under normal conditions of practice. This would ensure that no physiologically objectionable plastics material would be admitted and plus no suitable plastics material would be refused because of an excessively assessment (Figge 1980). Because of the heterogeneous nature of the foodstuffs, great analytical difficulties are involved in the determination of migrated low-molecular plastics components. Therefore, natural migration must be simulated in tests model to determine the migrated additives and monomers in food simulants, which is more easily to be analyzed (Figge 1980). However, the results of such migration or extraction studies are only suitable for the assessment of the health-safety of plastics packaging where it is in contact with the food in practice and simulated exactly the same. It is therefore necessary to fix test temperature and times that are closely related to those of the practice. Moreover, contact media must be used which are comparable with the different foodstuffs regarding their behavior in relation to the plastics (Figge 1980). 2.6 Heavy Metals Heavy metals composition of foods is of interest because of the essential or toxic nature (Gopalani et al. 2007). Under certain condition, exposure to high levels of these metals in the environment has been relates to adverse effects on human health and the environment (Zagorska 2007). Heavy metals are potential environmental contaminants with the ability of causing human health problems if present to excess in the food we consume (Rayment undated). It is well defined as chemical elements with a specific gravity that at least five times the specific gravity of water (Lide 1992 cited in www.lef.org). Metals are the only group of pollutants that are biologically non-degradable, but undergo a biogeochemical cycle through various compartments of the environment (Golimowski 1979). Chronic low level intakes of heavy metals are known to have damaging effects on human being, since there is no good mechanism to get rid of them (Bahemuka et al. 1999). Metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium and copper are cumulative poisons, causing environmental hazards and are reported to be exceptionally poisonous (Ellen et al. 1990). Throughout the course of the cycle, those toxic metals are taken up and accumulated by plants and thus enter the food chains and eventually reached to human, where the toxic metals tend to accumulate in vital organs, and display progressively increasing chronic toxic action over extended period of time. Besides the primary uptake from natural sources (e.g. soils and atmospheric precipitates), the secondary uptake due to the use of certain pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers (sewage sludge), as results of particular local or regional anthropogenic pollution (e.g. lead from automobile exhausts), and as a consequences of accidental metal contamination during food manufacturing and storage, could make severe hazards occur (Golimowski et al. 1979). In small amounts, certain heavy metals are nutritionally essential for a healthy life (www.lef.org 2010). During consumption of food in the diet, the trace metal contents of foods are directly taken into the body (Tuzen et al. 2003 cited by www.lef.org). These elements are often to be found naturally in foodstuff, fruits and vegetables, and also commercially available multivitamin products (International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre 1999 cited by www.lef.org). Heavy metals may enter the human body through food, water, air, or absorption through the skin when they come into contact with humans through agriculture and manufacturing, pharmaceutical, industrial, or residential settings. Industrial exposure accounts for a common route of exposure for adults whereas ingestion is the most common route of exposure in children (Roberts1999 cited in www.lef.org). Children may develop toxic levels from the normal hand-to-mouth activity of small children who come in contact with contaminated soil or by incidentally eating objects of non-food (dirt or paint chips) (Dupler 2001 cited by www.lef.org). There may be no foreseeable sign of an illegal or unacceptable level of residue, specifically for toxic elements such as cadmium, lead and mercury. At higher concentrations heavy metals may harmed their hosts. Those which obviously harm their host before they adversely affect human health are of lesser anxiety to the wider community (Rayment undated). Hazardous pollutants that are sets free into the environment persistently increases metal concentrations, thus contaminating the food supply. Metal contamination can take place throughout the handling and processing of foods, starting from the farm to the point of consumption (Morgan 1999). Thus, besides the growth of plants in contaminated soils and the feeding of animals on feeds containing toxic metals, other factors may also contribute to the food contamination. Physical contact between food and metal, such as processing equipment, storage and packaging containers, contribute to a significant source of metal in food. Once metals are exist in foodstuff, their concentrations are not often modified by traditional preparation and processing techniques, although in some cases washing may decrease the metal content (Morgan 1999). 2.6.1 Lead Lead in the environment has long been identified as a risk factor for humans (Berg 1994). If consumed or inhaled, it can affect nearly all systems in the body. As a consequence of many years being used in production, gas and paint, lead can be found in lots of places. Lead poisoning is a very critical issue for young children and pregnant women. Lead is found to be very toxic for growing brains and nervous systems of fetuses and small children. It is also known to affect a number of different biochemical and physiological processes, cell types, tissues, and organ systems (Andrews 1992). The main targets for the toxicity of lead include the red blood cells and their stem cells, the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the kidneys. During the past few decades, levels of exposure to lead that were once thought not to pose any hazard have since been shown to elicit deleterious effects. Furthermore, lead may affect the neurobehavioral development of newborns, infants, and children exposed to lead either in utero or postnatal (Carrington Bolger 1992). There are lots of sources of lead in our environment. Primary sources come from lead-based paint and contaminated soil, dust, drinking water, air, food and other related products. Food grown on lead-contaminated soils could also contain high lead levels (Andrew 1992). On the other hand, most lead contamination from food does not start with the food itself. Packaging or the dishes used to serve food are the main cause of most food-related lead contamination. By reducing lead in packaging and dishware, food sources of lead might be reduced (Andrew 1992). Weisel (1991) found that bread wrappers imprinted with lead-based inks could be a source of lead. If the bread bag is turned inside out and reused, lead could become part of stored food. While this source of lead was not major, bread bags are now imprinted with new dyes with very small amount or no lead. Now, bread wrappers used inside-out for food storage is of little concern as a source of lead (Weisel et al. 1991). 2.6.2 Cadmium Cadmium is naturally present in all components of the environment; it is present in all soils and sediments, unpolluted seawater and also in air of non-industrializes areas (Sherlock 1984). It is widely distributed throughout environment and is readily absorbed when eaten. A small proportion of ingested cadmium is accumulated in the kidneys in the form of a metal-protein complex. Continuous exposure to excessive amounts results in damage to the renal tubules in animals and human. Other long-term effects include anaemia, liver-dysfunction and testicular damage (Wogan 1985). Cadmium is also a byproduct of the mining and smelting of lead and zinc. Cadmium is a naturally occurring metallic element, which is one of the components of the earths crust and present everywhere in our environment. It can also be found in soils because of insecticides, fungicides, sludge and commercial fertilizers that use cadmium are used widely in agriculture (www.lef.org 2010). Cadmium is considered as the gr eatest serious contaminant of the modern age because its toxicity is a major problem in foodstuffs. Cadmium also regarded to be similar to lead, as it is a cumulative poison and the danger lies in regular consumption of foodstuffs that contain cadmium at low levels of contamination (Zagorska 2007). Cadmium emissions occur as results from two major source categories, natural sources and man-made or anthropogenic sources (www.cadmium.org 2010). Cadmium emissions to soils can be categorized in three different categories that are agricultural soils, non-agricultural soils and controlled landfills (Eggenberger and Waber 1998). According to Chandler (1996), the amount of cadmium in controlled landfills may arise from disposal of spent-cadmium containing product, non-cadmium containing product which may contain some cadmium impurities and naturally-occurring waste such as soils, food waste and grass which inherently contain trace levels of cadmium. Because cadmium is a naturally occurring component of all soils, all food stuffs will contain some cadmium and therefore all humans are exposed to natural levels of cadmium. Cadmium levels can vary widely in various types of foodstuffs. Leafy vegetables and certain staples and grain foods exhibit relatively high values from 30 to 150 ppb. Meat and fish normally contain lower cadmium contents ranges from 5 to 40 ppb. Animal offal such as kidney and liver can exhibit extraordinarily high cadmium values; up to 1000 ppb as these are the organs in animals where cadmium concentrates (WHO 1992). Cadmium sulphide and cadmium sulphoselenide are utilized as bright yellow to deep red pigments in plastics, ceramics, glasses, enamels and artist colors. They are well known for their ability to withstand high temperature and high pressure without chalking or fading, and therefore are used in applications where high temperature or high pressure processing is required (Cook 1994). Consequently, all f ood, whether it be of plant or animal origin, is exposed to and contain cadmium (Sherlock 1984). 2.6.3 Chromium Chromium is remarkable among other regulated toxic elements in the environment in that different species of chromium, specifically chromium (III) and chromium (VI), which they are regulated in different ways based on their differing toxicities. All other toxic elements, such as lead, cadmium and arsenic are regulated based on their local concentrations, irrespective of their oxidation state (Kimbrough 1999). Emissions occur to the three primary compartments of the environment which consists of air, water and soil, but there may be considerable transfer between the three compartments after initial deposition (Kimbrough 1999). The elemental composition of soils and sediments are affected by the composition of the parent rock from which they are formed. Thus, the natural concentration of chromium varies very much (Cary 1982). Several studies have estimates the chromium content in variable types of foods. Gibson (1998) for instance found that foods that rich in chromium are including brewers yeast, nuts, prunes, asparagus, mushrooms, beer and wine; meat, fresh fruits and vegetables. Cheeses were found to be good sources, while refined cereals were poor sources of cadmium. Shils et al. (1994) noted that the daily intake of chromium can vary greatly depending on the amounts of various foods present in the diet such as processed meats, whole grain products including some ready-to-eat bran cereals, and spices were found to be the best sources of chromium. Conversely, Shils et al. (1994) also stated that dairy products, fruits and vegetables contained low concentration of chromium. In most cases, wide variations in chromium levels have been found in cereals depending on their distinct origins, species and chemical forms of chromium absorbed. It is well known that chromium (VI) is absorbed effectively and more rapidly than chromium (III), but it is not converted to chromium (III) (Bratakos et al. 2002). Higher concentrations of chromium have been reported in plants growing in high chromium-containing soils (e.g., soil near ore deposits or chromium-emitting industries and soil fertilized by sewage sludge) compared with plants growing in normal soils (Grubing er et al., 1994). Different kinds of technologies that are used in food and beverage processing can also increase the chromium content in such products. The leaching of chromium from stainless steel, which has been greatly used in the food industry, is most likely the main source of chromium contamination of foods and beverages (Concon 1988). In accordance to Bratakos et al. (2002), food processing industry uses almost exclusively stainless steel containing 13-30% chromium in its processing equipment material which might leach into food during their manufacturing process. Meat products showed a wide variation in chromium content but were generally lower than that of fresh meat; this was dependent on product composition and added materials such high fat content in sausages. Guthrie (1975) reported higher chromium concentrations in meat products for example salami, is due to contamination during processing. Increased levels of chromium were also detected in dairy products that used eggs as addition ingredient (as custard samples) and chocolate; it was proposed by Fennema (2000), that cocoa may contribute considerable amounts of chromium element to the samples analyzed. There are four main routes of exposure of interest for chromium which are dermal absorption, ingestion, inhalation, and ingestion secondary to inhalation. Chromium can act directly at the site of contact or be absorbed into, or through, human tissues. CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Sample preparation Six different types of foods were selected for this study. All samples were chosen by randomly sampling and bought at local supermarket (Giant Hypermarket Shah Alam). Three packages were bought for every single sample to get the mean reading of the sample. Sample descriptions are stated as in Table 1. 3.2 Ashing of food packages This test was carried out to determine the content of heavy metals in the food packages that also indicates the total heavy metals that contained in the particular food packages. This test is important in calculation of percentage of heavy metals that leached out in migration test by using three different food stimulant that will be discuss further in this thesis. Each food packages was placed in the ceramic crucible and also covered with ceramic crucible. All three crucibles were labeled by using pencil. Muffle furnace temperature were slowly heated from room temperature to 500ÂÂ °C over a 1 hour period. The samples in the crucible were ashed for about 3 hour and 50 minutes until white or grayish ash residues were obtained. The ashes were dissolved in 10 ml concentrated HNO3 before it is covered with parafilm for 24 hour. The clear solution was then heated on a hot plate in a fume cupboard until it becomes almost dry. Another 10 ml of HNO3 were added into the crucible. The digested samples were filtered with Whatman 42 Ashless filter paper. The filtered samples were transferred into 20 ml volumetric flask and made up to volume. The blank was performed in the same way. (Method adapted from Khunprasert et al. 2006) 3.3 Analysis of heavy metals in food This test was carried out to determine the content of heavy metals in the food. Each 2 g of food samples were weighted into 150 ml beaker and dried in the oven for one hour. The dried samples were kept in the desiccators to balance the temperature until it reached constant weight. The samples were then digested using 10 ml of HNO3 and covered with parafilm before it is allowed to stand for 24 hour. After 24 hour, the samples were heated on the hotplate in a fume cupboard until it becomes almost dry before it is filtered with Whatman 45 filter paper. 5 ml of filtered sample were pipette and transferred into 50 ml volumetric flask and made up to volume for dilution purpose. A blank was performed in the same manner in this treatment (Method adapted from Zaharin unpublished) 3.4 Extraction Test This test was conducted to determine the amount of heavy metals leached from the food packages into solution of pH 6.5. The food packages of 5 cm x 5 cm were immersed in the 100 ml of metals-free deionized water at 26.5ÂÂ °C for 24 hour. The beaker were covered by using parafilm in order to avoid any cross contaminant during the treatment period. A blank was prepared in the same manner in this treatment (Method based on Conti and BotrÃÆ'Â ¨ 1997) 3.5 Migration Test This test was conducted to determine the amount of heavy metals migrate from the food packages into solution of two different acid concentration. Two different packages of the same sample (5 cm x 5 cm) were immersed into both 100 ml of 3% and 4% v/v metal-free solution of acetic acid at 40ÂÂ °C for 24 hour. Table 3 states the pH condition of every solution used in these tests. A blank was prepared in the same manner for this treatment. (Method based on Conti and BotrÃÆ'Â ¨ 1997 3.6 Laboratory glassware, reagents and standards of heavy metals All reagents used during analysis were of analytical reagent grade. Deionized water was used throughout the study. All the plastic and glassware to be used were decontaminated by overnight treatment using 5% nitric acid. 3.7 Standard Preparation 3.7.1 Lead (Pb) Standard Preparation Concentrations of lead solution that have been used for sample analysis are 1.0 ppm, 3.0 ppm and 6.0 ppm. From the original bottle of lead standard solution, 10 ml have been taken by using extremely clean pipette and transferred into 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to volume. After dilution of the original solution, 1 ml, 3 ml and 6 ml of solution are taken and transferred into three different 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to volume. All three concentrations are transferred into separate plastic tubes for analysis. 3.7.2 Cadmium (Cd) Standard Preparation Concentrations of cadmium solution that have been used for sample analysis are 0.5 ppm, 1.0 ppm and 2.0 ppm. From the original bottle of cadmium standard solution, 10 ml have been taken by using clean pipette and transferred into 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to volume. After dilution, another 10 ml of solution were taken and transferred into three different 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to volume. From dilution of 10 ml, another 5 ml of solution was taken and transferred into another 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to volume. The solution that are made up of 5 ml, 1 ml and 2 ml solution are transferred into separate plastic tubes for analysis. 3.7.3 Chromium (Cr) Standard Preparation Concentrations of chromium solution that have been used in this study are 0.1 ppm, 0.2 ppm and 0.4 ppm. 10 ml of solution from the original bottle of chromium was taken and transferred into 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to volume. Another 10 ml from diluted solution was taken and transferred into another 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to volume. From newly diluted solution, 1 ml, 2 ml and 4 ml solution were taken and transferred into three different 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to volume. All three solutions were transferred into three separate plastic tubes for analysis. 3.8 Sample analysis The heavy metals in the samples were analyzed using Perkin Elmer 3300 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry under the conditions shown in Table 4. Calibration curves were constructed by running the standard solutions of each element as in the Table 5. The amounts the standards absorbed were compared with the calibration curve and this enabled the calculation of the heavy metals concentration of the samples. 3.9 Data analysis All the results achieved from the various analyses conducted in this study were transformed into graphs. The contents of heavy metals in different food packages were compared and the amounts of heavy metals in different solutions were analyzed. The values were also compared to the safety levels recommended by the regulatory authorities. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS All results of the study are reported in Table 6 and Figure 1 (Content of heavy metals in food packages), Table 7 and Figure 2 (Content of heavy metals in foods), Table 8 and Figure 3 (Amount of heavy metals leached from food package in 3% Acetic Acid), Table 9 and Figure 4 (Amount of heavy metals leached from food pacakage in 4% Acetic Acid), Table 10 and Figure 5 (Amount of heavy metals leached from food package in deionized water). All data are expressed in mgkg-1. 4.1 Content of heavy metals in food packages FP 5 contained low concentration of lead (0.103 mgkg-1) but high in concentration of cadmium (8.955 mgkg-1) and chromium (2.989 mgkg-1). While in FP 6, there is a little bit high in concentration of lead (1.273 mgkg-1) but low in concentration of cadmium (0.801 mgkg-1) and chromium (0.754 mgkg-1). Those packages that contain high concentration of heavy metals are mainly because of the printing inks that have been used on its surface. Lead-based pigment could confer the colors of white, red and yellow, while chromium could confer colors of chrome yellow, green and red (Bradley et al. 2005). As cadmium have been used widely in plastic stabilizer, it would be possible that packages with high concentration of cadmium were come from this source. 4.2 Content of heavy metals in food Andrew (1992) has stated that, packaging is the most reason to food which gives an account to lead contamination. The used of lead-based ink on the surface of food packaging could migrate the lead substance into food itself. Apart from that, WHO (1992) says that grains contain lots of cadmium if compared to meat. That is why we can see that the cadmium content of FP 1 (2.574 mgkg-1) is much higher than concentration of cadmium in FP 3 (0.399 mgkg-1). Besides, it is noticeable that concentration of cadmium in FP 5 (0.175 mgkg-1) is much more lower compared to FP 3 eventhough the FP 5 substance is of grain. It could be of other product composition or added material into the meat product that contribute to higher concentration of cadmium. As in chromium, Fennema (2000) states that cocoa-based product could contribute to the higher concentration of chromium in its product. This statement explained well why the FP 2 and FP 6 product contains highest concentration of chromium subsequently, (1.179 mgkg-1) and (0.967 mgkg-1). According to Food Regulation 1985, milk product should only contained 1.0 mgkg-1 of lead and chromium while 2.0 mgkg-1 of lead and 1.0 mgkg-1 of cadmium in meat (other than edible gelatin), cocoa product and any food which no other limit is specified (excluding water and food additives). On top of that, only FP 6 (0.559 mgkg-1) does not exceed the lead concentration limit while both FP 1 (2.574 mgkg-1) and FP 2 (2.538 mgkg-1) do exceed the chromium permissible limit, whilst there is no limit for chromium concentration in food is stated in any part of the regulation. 4.3 Amount of heavy metals leached into food simulants The solution of 3% acetic acid was a food simulant which simulate the acidic condition which represents vinegar, pickles and fruit juices (Crosby, 1981). It indicates that, the metals would migrates in such amount when the package contact physically with the foodstuff having a pH in the exact of the food simulant. Besides, a migration could also happen towards human skin especially when the consumer deals with food which has similar pH condition of acetic acid before touching the food package. In a manner corresponding to Food Regulations 1985 in Thirteenth Schedule, the leachate of heavy metals from food packaging should not exceed the permissible limit, which was 0.2 mgkg-1 for cadmium and 2.0 mgkg-1 for lead. In this case, there was no limit exceeded by any of the samples. Once more, the FP 1 represents the second highest migration of lead (0.39 mgkg-1) and cadmium (0.155 mgkg-1). The purpose of doing the migration test simulated by 3% and 4% of acetic acid is to do a comparison whether there are any significant difference between both concentrations as Malaysian Food Regulation 1985 has come out with the test of using 4% acetic acid instead of standard method which used 3% acetic acid as food simulant. Obviously, there are no extensive differences between results produced by both concentrations. Thus, it is much better to do the migration test by using the standard method as it can save up the chemical being used. Deionized water simulate a condition which is closely similar to our skin. To this point, any contact between human skin (usually of palm and fingers) and the surface of food package at significant period of time, there will be a migration of heavy metals to contacted skin. After taking everything into account, it can be concluded that heavy metals does exist in the food packaging so do the food itself. According to Reilly (1991), print and color that applied to the plastic packages are capable of contaminating its food. Besides, pigments used for coloring and printing on packaging surface might also a good source of metals that leached into the food. Apart from that, tests using food simulant such as 3% and 4% acetic acid and deionized water, shows some variables in heavy metals migration. It is not a denial that migration of heavy metals from 4% acetic acid is much more higher compared to the other two. But, in consideration that there is no significant difference between both migrations, 3% of acetic acid would be more desirable in conducting the migration test using acidic food simulant as both pH also does not differ much. Other than simulating the pH condition of fruits and juices (Crosby 1981), the acidic condition also simulates the condition of a landfill. According to Hunt et al. (1990), food packaging accounts for almost two-thirds of total packaging waste by volume. Thus, those packaging dumps in a landfill could leached significant amount of heavy metals that they contained as they are exposed to the conditions as simulated by food simulants. Leaching of heavy metals could cause harm to the environment and its living creatures. Improperly designed landfills such landfill without leachate collection system and HDPE liner would contaminate groundwater sources when water from rain or the waste itself permeates the landfill and dissolves substances in the waste including toxic heavy metals. The acidic or alkaline conditions can enhance rapidly the extraction of these substances in the waste allowed them to seep into the ground, reaching for natural groundwater sources. According to Marsh and Bugusu (2007), lead and cadmium based additives for plastics and colorants contribute to the heavy metals content of MWC ash. Although the substances used is only small in amount, these metals concentrate in the ash as the polymers are burned off. The statement shows how much these heavy metals are persistent in our environment. Not only landfills that gather a number of heavy metals, but the worst are we are accumulating these kind of heavy metals in our body day by day through the consumptions of foods in packaging. In accordance to Marsh Bugusu (2007), we as a consumer drives the packaging design as our desires becomes sales significant. As we are the significant sales tools, would we change our desire for the sake of our own health? CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The use of heavy metals in printing inks and manufacturing of plastic used for food packaging are of great concern. Consumers are likely to be exposed to the migration of heavy metals through the consumption or come into contact of packaging food. Three tests have been carried out to determine the heavy metals namely lead, cadmium and chromium contained in food packaging, food itself and the ability of those heavy metals to migrate into food simulants. For the first test, four out of six samples contained high concentration of lead ranging from 4.159 mgkg-1 to 15.950 mgkg-1. The source of lead could come from the inorganic inks and pigments used (Kim et al. 2008). 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New York:Pringer Science+Business Media. https://www.lef.org/protocols/prtcl-156.shtml access on 2nd January 2010 www.cadmium.org/download/Cadmium.doc access on 12 January 2010